Nelson’s Column, monument in Trafalgar Square in London. It honours Horatio Nelson, the greatest of English naval heroes, and commemorates Britain’s triumph over France. Lord Nelson was killed at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, in which the Royal Navy defeated a combined force of 33 French and Spanish ships, destroying about 20, without itself losing a single ship.
The monument, designed by William Railton, was built between 1840 and 1843. Lord Nelson’s statue, 18 feet (5.5 m) high and sculpted of sandstone by Edward Hodges Baily, surveys Trafalgar Square from the top of a fluted granite column, and the entire monument measures 169 feet (51.59 m). The column is capped by bronze sculptural elements cast from melted cannon from the wreckage of an 18th-century British warship. A few days before the statue was hoisted into place, a party of 14 people ate a perilous steak dinner on top of the column. The base of the column features four bronze reliefs of Nelson’s naval victories that were added between 1849 and 1854. The monument is guarded at the bottom by four splendidly formidable lions designed by Sir Edwin Landseer and cast by Carlo Marochetti in 1867.
Although the square itself has been criticized as a thoroughly incompetent piece of town planning, it keeps its hold on Londoners’ affections and remains high on the agenda of tourists in the capital. Known for its innumerable pigeons, it is often the scene of political demonstrations. Its history goes back to 1826, when the architect John Nash proposed to clear away a clutter of buildings where the royal mews and stables once stood to create a square at nearby Charing Cross, but it was not constructed until the 1840s, by Sir Charles Barry, architect of the Houses of Parliament. The fountains and the numerous other statues were added later, but the equestrian statue of Charles I, looking down Whitehall to the scene of his execution, has been there since 1675. The National Gallery on the square’s north side, by William Wilkins, was completed in 1838, several years before the Nelson monument. The church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields by James Gibbs, occupying the northeast corner of the square and known for its immensely grand Classical portico, was constructed in the 1720s.