Niobrara Limestone, division of rocks in the central United States dating to the Late Cretaceous Period, which ended some 65.5 million years ago. Named for exposures studied along the Missouri River near the mouth of the Niobrara River, Knox county, Nebraska, the Niobrara Limestone occurs over a wide area including Nebraska, Kansas, North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. The Niobrara varies in thickness from about 60 metres (200 feet) to more than 270 metres (890 feet) and consists of chalks, shales, limestones, and many thin layers of bentonite (altered volcanic ash deposits that appear like soapy clays).
The Niobrara marks the withdrawal of the Cretaceous seas from the region of the Rocky Mountain geosyncline. Fossils of aquatic reptiles such as the mosasaur Clidastes, which was about 4.5 metres (15 feet) long, and flying reptiles such as Pteranodon, which possessed a 7.5-metre (25-foot) wingspread, have been found in the Niobrara.