nobelium

nobelium (No), synthetic chemical element of the actinoid series of the periodic table, atomic number 102. The element was named after Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel.

Not occurring in nature, nobelium was first claimed by an international team of scientists working at the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm in 1957. They reported synthesis of an isotope of element 102 (either isotope 253 or 255) that decayed by emitting alpha particles with a half-life of about 10 minutes. They named it nobelium. In 1958 American chemists Albert Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J.R. Walton, and Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley, reported the isotope 254 as a product of the bombardment of curium (atomic number 96) with carbon ions (atomic number 6) in a heavy-ion linear accelerator. In the same year, a Soviet scientific team led by Georgy Flerov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, achieved a similar result. Other experiments performed in the Soviet Union (at the I.V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, Moscow, and at Dubna) and in the United States (Berkeley) failed to confirm the Stockholm discovery. Subsequent research in the following decade (primarily at Berkeley and Dubna) led the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry to conclude that Dubna papers published in 1966 established the existence of the isotope nobelium-254 with an alpha-decay half-life of about 51 seconds.

Of the isotopes of nobelium that have been produced, nobelium-259 (58-minute half-life) is the stablest. Using traces of this isotope, radiochemists have shown nobelium to exist in aqueous solution in both the +2 and +3 oxidation states. Cation-exchange chromatography and coprecipitation experiments showed conclusively that the +2 state is stabler than the +3 state, an effect more pronounced than was anticipated in comparison with the homologous lanthanoid element ytterbium (atomic number 70). Thus, No²⁺ is chemically somewhat similar to the alkaline-earth elements calcium, strontium, and barium. Nobelium metal has not been prepared, but its properties have been predicted to be similar to those of the alkaline-earth metals and europium.