Lake Nyasa
Lake Nyasa, lake, southernmost and third largest of the Eastern Rift Valley lakes of East Africa, which lies in a deep trough mainly within Malawi. The existence of the lake was reported by a Portuguese explorer, Caspar Boccaro, in 1616. David Livingstone, the British explorer-missionary, reached it from the south in 1859.
The lake’s middle line and its northern and eastern shores form much of Malawi’s boundary with Tanzania and Mozambique. Its north-south length is 363 miles (584 km); its width varies from 10 to 50 miles (16 to 80 km); and its area is 11,430 square miles (29,604 square km). The surface of the lake is 1,550 feet (472 metres) above sea level, and the depth increases to 2,310 feet (704 metres) toward the northern end, where the forested Livingstone Mountains to the east and the Nyika Plateau and Viphya Mountains to the west fall precipitously down to the lakeshore.
A fresh southeasterly wind (the mwera) prevails from May to August, causing short gales and restless waters; the coastline offers little shelter. Halfway up the lake is Likoma Island, a mission headquarters and site of an imposing Anglican cathedral (completed 1911). On the heavily populated Malawi shore there are government stations at Mangochi, Nkhotakota, Nkhata Bay, and Karonga.
Nyasa (meaning “lake”) is fed by 14 perennial rivers, the largest being the Ruhuhu; the sole outlet is the Shire River, a tributary of the Zambezi. Hundreds of species of fish have been recorded in the lake, many of which are endemic, being isolated from the Zambezi fauna by the Murchison Falls. Commercial fisheries exist at the southern end of the lake, based chiefly on the freshwater fish Tilapia. Fly hatches on the lake occur in clouds large enough to obscure the horizon. Increased environmental degradation has had adverse effects on wildlife in the lake, however; excessive silting disrupts fish feeding and breeding grounds, reducing their numbers. In addition, overfishing, the use of nets with a mesh size smaller than those recommended by fisheries experts, and the disregard of the ban on fishing in the breeding season have also had a detrimental effect on fish populations there.
Passenger and cargo vessels are operated by the Malawi Railways company. Monkey Bay, Nkhotakota, Nkhata Bay, Likoma Island, Chilumba, and Karonga are the main ports. Cotton, rubber, rice, tung oil, and peanuts (groundnuts) are shipped to the railhead at Chipoka in the south, from which point the railway connects through the city of Limbe with Beira, Mozambique.