Oryol, city and administrative centre of Oryol oblast (region), western Russia. It is located on the headwaters of the Oka River at its confluence with the Orlik River. Founded in 1564 as a fortress of the Muscovite State against Tatar attacks, it was the scene of heavy fighting during World War II. The city centre, with a street pattern of ring roads and radials and with a mixture of old and new buildings, lies on the high left bank of the Oka. Many of the streets of Oryol are named after writers and poets who were born or lived there, among them Ivan Turgenev, Leonid Andreyev, Ivan Bunin, and Nikolay Leskov. South of the Orlik and across the Oka lie the newer residential areas and industries, which include a range of engineering, clothing, and food processing. Turgenev’s house is preserved as a museum. There are teacher-training and engineering institutes. Pop. (2005 est.) 329,352.