Oyo, town, Oyo state, southwestern Nigeria. Oyo lies 32 miles (51 km) north of Ibadan. In the 1830s it was declared the new seat of the alaafin (alafin) of Oyo (the political leader of the Yoruba people) by Alaafin Atiba, after Old Oyo (also called Katunga), the capital of the Oyo empire, was completely destroyed by Fulani conquerors. New Oyo was aligned with Ibadan in the Yoruba civil wars of the mid-19th century. Following an invasion by Dahomeyan forces in 1887, the alaafin of Oyo joined with Lagos against the French and, in the treaty of 1888, placed all of Yorubaland under British protection.
The alaafin, now a traditional ruler, has only nominal sovereignty over other traditional Yoruba chiefs. From the ida oranyan (“sword of state”) given to him by the traditional ooni (oni; “king”) of Ile-Ife (who is the spiritual head of the Yoruba people), the alaafin derives the spiritual authority for his rule. At nearby Koso is the Shango shrine to the Yoruba god of thunder and lightning, which plays a ceremonial role in the installation of a new alaafin.
The economy of modern Oyo is based chiefly on agriculture and handicrafts. Products include tobacco (for the cigarette factory at Ibadan), teak, and cotton. The town is a traditional centre of cotton spinning, weaving, and dyeing (with locally grown indigo). It is also famous for carved calabashes (gourds), leatherwork (especially cushions) in goatskin and sheepskin, wood carving, and mat making. Local trade is primarily in yams, corn (maize), sorghum, cassava (manioc), poultry, okra, and beans.
By the 1860s a Yoruba Mission (Anglican) was established in Oyo, which is now the site of St. Andrew’s College (founded 1897), one of the oldest teacher-training institutes in Nigeria. The town lies on the main highway north from Lagos city and is a hub for local roads serving the state. Pop. (2006) local government area, 260,082.