Palencia, provincia (province) in the Castile-León comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It is bounded by the provinces of Cantabria to the north, Burgos to the east, Valladolid to the south and west, and León to the west. It was formed in 1833. The north is traversed by the Cantabrian Mountains, rising to 8,268 feet (2,520 metres) at Curavacas peak. The remainder of Palencia, the fertile Campos Plain, belongs to the great Castilian tableland. The principal rivers are the Pisuerga and Carrión. Minerals have been found in the mountains, but only coal and small quantities of copper are mined. The Castilla Canal (built 1753–1832), on which the provincial capital, Palencia city, is located, connects the province with Valladolid and is used for irrigation as well as transport.
Barley, wheat, alfalfa (lucerne), sugar beets, hemp, and flax are grown; sheep raising is extensive; and linen and woolen stuffs, porcelain, leather, paper, and rugs are manufactured. The metallurgical, automotive, and food-processing industries also are significant. Apart from Palencia city, the chief centres are Venta de Baños, Cervera de Pisuerga, Carrión de los Condes, and Paredes de Nava. Area 3,109 square miles (8,053 square km). Pop. (2007 est.) 173,281.