Palencia, capital of Palencia provincia (province), in Castile-León comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), north-central Spain. It lies on the Campos Plain southwest of Burgos. Called the Pallantia by the ancient Greek geographers Strabo and Ptolemy, it was the chief town of the Vaccaei, an Iberian tribe. Its history during the Gothic and Moorish periods is obscure, but it was the seat of the Castilian kings and their Cortes (courts of a parliamentary or advisory nature) in the 12th and 13th centuries. In 1520 Palencia participated in the ultimately unsuccessful revolt of the Castilian cities (comuneros) against the Holy Roman emperor Charles V (king of Spain as Charles I in 1516–56). The university founded there in 1208 by Alfonso VIII was removed in 1239 to Salamanca. The Gothic cathedral—begun in 1321, completed in the early 16th century, and dedicated to San Antolín—occupies the site of a church erected (1026–35) by Sancho III Garcés of Navarre and Castile over the cave of San Antolín. The cathedral contains El Greco’s St. Sebastian and other valuable paintings, old Flemish tapestry, and magnificent carved woodwork and stonework. Portions of the hospital of San Lázaro are said to date from the time of the Cid, the Spanish soldier-hero celebrated in Spain’s epic poem El Cantar de Mío Cid (“The Song of My Cid”), who married Jimena in Palencia in 1074.
Palencia is an important communications centre. Its economy is based on the manufacture of iron, rugs, alcohol, leather, soap, porcelain, linen, cotton, wool, machinery, and matches. Palencia’s industries have merged with those of the nearby city of Valladolid. Automaking has become one of the leading industries in the area. Pop. (2006 est.) 82,242.