Panguna, mining town and site of a large open-pit copper mine in the south-central interior of Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. An Australian mining company began prospecting for copper in the Crown Prince Range at Panguna in the early 1960s. Roads and a pipeline were subsequently built to convey the copper concentrate to the drying and loading installations at Loloho on Arawa Bay, and the nearby dormitory town of Arawa was established. The mine was brought into production in 1972 and became one of the world’s largest copper producers, with most of the concentrate exported to Japan and Germany. Gold was also extracted from the ore. Built in ribbon formation in the valleys of the Crown Prince Range, Panguna became home to the company’s administration offices, several housing areas, and canteens, all for the employees of the mining company and their dependents.
Although the mine proved enormously lucrative for its owners and the government, the indigenous landowners saw relatively little of the proceeds. There was also widespread criticism domestically and abroad of the social and environmental disruption caused by the mining. In 1988 this dissatisfaction contributed to a secessionist uprising on Bougainville, and the mine was forced to shut down the following year. Fighting persisted for a number of years, causing much destruction to the area. Following a 2001 peace agreement, Bougainville and several nearby islands became an autonomous region in 2005. Plans took shape over the next several years to reopen the mine and use the profits to finance Bougainville’s recovery.