Périgueux, town, Dordogne département, Nouvelle-Aquitaine région, southwestern France. It lies on the right bank of the Isle River, east-northeast of Bordeaux and southwest of Paris. Originally settled by a Gaulish tribe, the Petrocorii, the town fell to the Romans, who called it Vesuna after a local spring, the Vésone, that became their tutelary deity. Périgueux is an episcopal see.
The modern town developed from two nuclei, the Cité and Puy-Saint-Front, which vied with one another until they united in 1251. The Cité, in the southwestern part of the town, occupies the site of Vesuna, subsequently reduced by the barbarians to a small encampment, called the Civitas Petrocorium, from which the names Cité and Périgueux are derived. Puy-Saint-Front, on the east, grew between the 5th and 13th centuries around an abbey sanctuary containing the body of St. Front, the Apostle of Périgord, and the first bishop of Périgueux. The contemporary town spreads west and northwest of Puy-Saint-Front.
Périgueux struggled against the English throughout the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) and suffered severely under Protestant occupation (1575–81) during the 16th-century Wars of Religion. Given amnesty by Louis XIV in 1654 for its part in the Fronde (a series of civil disturbances, 1648–53), the town then experienced an era of peace. At the time of the French Revolution (1787–99), it continued as the capital of a département covering the same area as the medieval province of Périgord Blanc. From the July Monarchy (1830) onward many improvements were made, and the town received new impetus under the Second Empire (1852–70) and the Third Republic (1870–1940).
A chief point of cultural interest in Périgueux is the cathedral of Saint-Front, built in the 12th century on the ruins of the abbey, which burned in 1120. One of the largest in southwestern France, it is built in the shape of a Greek cross, topped by five lofty domes and numerous colonnaded turrets. A Romanesque bell tower and cloisters of the 12th, 13th, and 16th centuries adjoin it on the south. Successive restorations, the last ending in 1901, have altered its original character. The Périgord Museum displays prehistoric and archaeological artifacts of the area, as well as secular and religious art. In the Cité is the 12th-century church of Saint-Étienne, which was the cathedral until 1669. Evidences of ancient Roman occupation are an arena of the 3rd century ce, a boundary wall of the Roman civitas on which is built the Château Barrière (12th–15th century), and the Vésone Tower.
Périgueux is primarily an administrative and service centre, though there is some industry including textile manufacture, food processing, and printing. Tourism is important, and the town is known for its pâté de foie gras and its truffles. Périgueux is connected by road and rail with Limoges to the northeast and Bordeaux to the southwest. Pop. (1999) 30,193; (2014 est.) 30,069.