adab, term used in the modern Arab world to signify “literature.” Adab evolved from its earliest meaning to became a literary genre distinguished by its broad humanitarian concerns; it developed during the brilliant height of Abbasid culture in the 9th century and continued through the Middle Ages in the Islamic world.
The original sense of the word was “norm of conduct,” or “custom,” derived in ancient Arabia from ancestors revered as models. As such practice was deemed praiseworthy in the medieval Muslim world, adab acquired a further connotation of good breeding, courtesy, and urbanity.
Parallel to and growing out of this expanded social meaning of adab there appeared an intellectual aspect. Adab became the knowledge of poetry, oratory, ancient Arab tribal history, rhetoric, grammar, philology, and non-Arab civilizations that qualified a man to be called well-bred, or adīb. Such men produced a vast and erudite adab literature, concerned with the achievements of humanity and written in a style rich in vocabulary and idiom and usually expressive and flexible. They included such writers as the 9th-century essayist al-Jāḥiẓ of Basra and his 11th-century follower Abū Hayyān al-Tawḥīdī; the 9th-century Kūfan critic, philologist, and theologian Ibn Qutaybah; and the 11th-century poet al-Maʿarrī. As the golden age of the Abbasids declined, however, the boundaries of adab narrowed into belles lettres—poetry, elegant prose, anecdotal writing (maqāmāt)—and resulted in the word’s present-day usage.
See Arabic literature: Belles lettres and narrative prose: The concept of adab for a description of adab in the context of the history of Arabic literature.