Richard III

Richard III, chronicle play in five acts by William Shakespeare, written about 1592–94 and published in 1597 in a quarto edition seemingly reconstructed from memory by the acting company when a copy of the play was missing. The text in the First Folio of 1623 is substantially better, having been heavily corrected with reference to an independent manuscript. Richard III is the last in a sequence of four history plays (the others being Henry VI, Part 1, Henry VI, Part 2, and Henry VI, Part 3) known collectively as the “first tetralogy,” treating major events of English history during the late 14th and early 15th centuries. For the events of the play, Shakespeare relied mainly on the chronicles of Raphael Holinshed and, to a lesser extent, Edward Hall.

The dissembling and physically deformed Richard, duke of Gloucester, reveals his true purpose in the opening soliloquy of Richard III:

And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover
To entertain these fair well-spoken days,
I am determined to prove a villain.

Having killed King Henry VI and Henry’s son, the prince of Wales, in Henry VI, Part 3, Richard sets out to kill all who stand between him and the throne of England. He woos and marries Lady Anne, whose husband (Edward, prince of Wales) and father-in-law he has murdered, and then arranges for Anne’s death as well once she is no longer useful to him. He displays his animosity toward King Edward’s wife and then widow, Queen Elizabeth, by arranging for the deaths of her sons, the Marquess of Dorset and Lord Grey, and her brother, Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers. He orders the execution of Lord Hastings when that courtier proves loyal to King Edward’s children.

At first Richard is ably assisted by the Duke of Buckingham, who readily persuades Cardinal Bourchier to remove the young Duke of York from the protection of sanctuary and place him and his brother under their uncle’s “protection” in the Tower. Buckingham further arranges for and later explains away the hurried execution of Hastings, spreads ugly rumours about the illegitimacy of the young princes and of Edward himself, and stage-manages Richard’s apparently reluctant acceptance of the crown. The nefarious partnership between Richard and Buckingham ends when Buckingham balks at killing the young princes and then flees to escape the same fate. An army led by Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, challenges Richard’s claim to the throne. On the night before the Battle of Bosworth Field, Richard is haunted by the ghosts of all whom he has murdered. After a desperate fight, Richard is killed, and Richmond becomes King Henry VII.

For a discussion of this play within the context of Shakespeare’s entire corpus, see William Shakespeare: Shakespeare’s plays and poems.