Channel Islands
Channel Islands, island chain extending some 150 miles (240 km) along, and about 12–70 miles (20–115 km) off, the Pacific coast of southern California. The islands form two groups. The Santa Barbara group, to the north, is separated from the mainland by the Santa Barbara Channel and includes San Miguel Island, Santa Rosa Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Anacapa, a group of three small islets. The Santa Catalina group is separated from the mainland by the San Pedro Channel and the outer Santa Barbara Channel and includes the islands of Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente. The islands range in size from Santa Cruz (98 square miles [254 square km]), the largest, to the small Anacapa islets, which together cover approximately 1 square mile (1.6 square km). The Santa Barbara group and Santa Barbara Island comprise Channel Islands National Park.
The islands of both groups are rugged and mountainous, and sea caves are common. Their geologic structure is related to that of the Coast Ranges, the Santa Barbara group constituting a continuation of the Transverse Ranges and the Santa Catalina group a continuation of the Peninsular Ranges. Ocean basins and troughs between the islands reach depths of some 6,000 feet (1,800 metres). The islands are noted for their distinctive plant and animal life (several hundred varieties), including many indigenous species. Of note are the giant coreopsis, or sunflower tree, and the endemic island gray fox. Chamise chaparral, grasses, wildflowers, and coastal sage are the characteristic vegetation. Only Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina are forested, covered with pine trees. The islands are the breeding grounds for the California sea lion, several species of seals, and a great variety of seabirds.
The Channel Islands were once home to two Native American peoples: the Chumash in the Santa Barbara group and the Gabrielino in the Santa Catalina group. The islands were visited in 1542 by the Portuguese navigator Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who is reputedly buried on one of them. The larger islands were later used for sheep and cattle ranching, but those activities have ended. Santa Catalina Island is a noted resort, and San Clemente is used as a training ground by the U.S. Navy. Seeping oil from a ruptured underwater well in the Santa Barbara Channel caused widespread ecological damage to several of the northern islands in 1969.
Santa Barbara Island and the Anacapa group were designated a national monument in 1938; these and the three other islands became the national park in 1980, covering an area of 390 square miles (1,010 square km). About half of its surface area is water, since the park’s boundary extends l nautical mile (1.9 km) from the shore of each island. The park’s headquarters is in Ventura on the mainland.
San Miguel, the westernmost of the park’s islands, is administered by the U.S. Navy. It comprises a windswept tableland with a rocky coast, and its climate is often rainy and foggy. Santa Rosa Island is leased by its former owners for game hunting; the remains of Pleistocene pygmy mammoths have been excavated there. Santa Cruz Island has two rugged ranges (rising to Mount Diablo at 2,450 feet [747 metres] in the north), a central valley, and year-round streams and springs. The western nine-tenths of the island is owned by the Nature Conservancy, a private environmental organization. Sites of Chumash Indian habitation dot the island. Two of Anacapa’s islets consist of plateaus bordered by sea cliffs hundreds of feet in height; the cliffs are a major nesting site of the endangered California brown pelican. Santa Barbara Island, the southernmost island of the park, has steep cliffs rising to a marine terrace with twin peaks.