Sivas
Sivas, city, central Turkey. It lies at an elevation of 4,183 feet (1,275 meters) in the broad valley of the Kızıl River.
Although excavations at a mound known as Topraktepe indicate Hittite settlements in the locality, nothing is known of Sivas’s history prior to its emergence as the Roman city of Sebastea, which became the capital of Armenia Minor under the emperor Diocletian near the end of the 3rd century. The Byzantine emperor Justinian I had the city walls rebuilt and fortified in the 6th century, and under the Byzantines Sebastea was a large and wealthy Anatolian city. In 1021 Sennacherib-John, the Armenian king of Vaspurakan (Van), ceded his dominions to the emperor Basil II and became the Byzantine viceroy of Sebastea. His successors served in the same position until the Turks arrived in the area in the late 11th century. The Turkmen Dānishmend dynasty conquered Sebastea about 1080–90, renamed it Sivas, and made it the capital of a principality until it fell to the Seljuq sultan of Rūm in 1172. Under the Seljuqs, Sivas reached its greatest prosperity, becoming one of the most important cities of Anatolia; it was said to have had more than 150,000 inhabitants when it was plundered by the Central Asian ruler Timur (Tamerlane) in 1400.
Although it never regained its former prosperity, Sivas was an important provincial capital under the Ottoman Empire, and in September 1919 it served as the site of the second national congress called by Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), later the first president of Turkey. This congress eventually led to the expulsion of the European occupying forces, the end of the Ottoman Empire, and the establishment of the republic.
Sivas contains some of the finest remains of 13th-century Seljuq architecture. Of these, the medreses (madrasahs; religious schools) are particularly noteworthy: the Gök (Blue) Medrese (1271), which houses the local museum; the Şifaiye Medresesi (1217–18), originally a hospital, containing the tomb of its founder, Sultan Kay-Kāʾūs I; and the Çifte Minare Medrese, with its intricately carved facade and minarets. The oldest mosque is the Ulu Cami (“Great Mosque”), dating from the Turkmen era. Near the city is the Armenian monastery of the Holy Cross, which contains a royal throne and other relics.
In the past, Sivas owed much of its importance to being a communications center to the north-south and west-east trade routes to Iraq and Iran, respectively. With the development of railways, the city gained new economic importance. It stands at the junction of several railways and highways and is linked by air with Istanbul via Ankara. The city’s manufactures include cement and cotton and woolen textiles. The surrounding region is drained by the Kızıl, Kelkit, Çaltı, and Tohma rivers. It is an important cereal-producing area and contains large deposits of iron ore, which are worked at Divriği. Pop. (2000) 251,776; (2013 est.) 213,587.