Standardbred

Standardbred, breed of horse developed in the United States in the 19th century and used primarily for harness racing. The foundation sire of this breed was the English Thoroughbred Messenger (1780–1808), imported to the United States in 1788. His progeny, of great trotting capacity, were bred with other breeds and types, especially the Morgan, to produce speedy trotters and pacers. Messenger’s great-grandson Hambletonian (1849–76) was an outstanding Standardbred sire whose descendants now dominate the breed.

Possessed of considerable stamina and endurance, Standardbreds closely resemble Thoroughbreds but are usually smaller and have longer and lower bodies, flatter ribs, and heavier bones. Height and weight vary considerably but average 15 to 16 hands (60 to 64 inches [152 to 163 cm]) and 900 to 1,000 pounds (410 to 450 kg). Bay is the most common colour for Standardbreds, but brown, black, chestnut, or gray also are found. The name Standardbred originated in the early development of the breed, when horses were registered in the official studbook (Wallace’s American Trotting Register, first published in 1871) if they could meet certain standards of speed, such as trotting a mile in 2 1/2 minutes. The official history of the breed dates from the establishment in 1871 of the National Association of Trotting Horse Breeders, which was succeeded by the American Trotting Register Association, now the U.S. Trotting Association.

See the Table of Selected Breeds of Light Horses for further information.

Selected breeds of light horses

	name	origin	height (hands)*	aptitude	characteristics	comments
*1 hand = 4 inches (10.16 cm).
	Akhal-Teke	Turkmenistan	14.2–16	riding, racing	long neck carried almost perpendicular to body; long, slender legs; metallic golden-dun colour is unique to the breed	ancient breed; noted for its endurance and speed
	American Paint Horse	U.S.	15–16	riding	two colour patterns—overo and tobiano—determined by location of white markings	developed from Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, and Paint breeds; versatile riding horse
	American Quarter Horse	U.S.	14.2–16	riding, racing, herding	short, fine head with a straight profile; short back; long, powerful croup and shoulders; well-muscled thighs, gaskins, and forearms	one of the most popular breeds; noted for its agility and quick bursts of speed; adapts easily to any riding discipline
	American Saddlebred	U.S.	15–16	riding, light draft	small head with long neck lying almost vertical to shoulder; short back; level croup with high tail carriage	performs three gaits (walk, trot, canter) or five gaits (three plus slow gait, rack)
	Andalusian	Spain	15.1–15.3	riding	arched neck; round and muscular hindquarters with low-set tail; mane and tail are often profuse and wavy	influenced breeds worldwide; used in bullfights
	Appaloosa	U.S.	14.2–16	riding	several colour patterns: snowflake, leopard, marble, frost, and blanket; black and white striped hooves	descended from the spotted horses of the Nez Percé Indians; influenced by Arabian and, most recently, American Quarter Horse blood
	Arabian	Middle East	14–15	riding, light draft	head profile is uniquely concave (dished), tapering to a dainty muzzle; wide-set, large eyes; long, graceful neck; short back; flat croup with distinctive high tail carriage	has refined almost every breed worldwide; considered one of the most beautiful horses; noted for its stamina, excels in endurance competitions
	Argentine Criollo	Argentina	14	riding	short, deep body; long head; heavily muscled	one of the soundest breeds; descended from the Barb, Arab, and Andalusian; common throughout South America; noted for its endurance
	Cleveland Bay	England	16–16.2	riding, light and medium draft, farm work	powerful and substantial build; short legs; always bay in colour	oldest British breed; often crossed with Thoroughbreds to produce excellent hunters and sport horses
	Hanoverian	Germany	15.3–17	riding, light draft	long, muscular neck; deep body; powerful hindquarters	excels in dressage and show jumping; elegant, fluid gaits; developed from Holstein, influenced by Thoroughbred and Trakehner blood
	Lipizzaner	Austria (now in Slovenia)	15–16.1	riding, harness, draft, farm work	long head with crested neck; compact, powerful body; foals are born black or brown in colour and usually mature to white-gray	descended from Spanish horses; famous for its association with the Spanish Riding School of Vienna, where it is trained in difficult "high school" movements
	Missouri Fox Trotting Horse	U.S.	14–16	riding	wide, deep-chested body; muscular hind legs	noted for its natural smooth "fox-trot" gait, the horse canters with the front feet while trotting with the hind, producing little movement in the back
	Morgan	U.S.	14.1–15.2	riding, light draft	fine head with arched neck; well-defined withers; long, sloping shoulders; muscular hindquarters	descended from one prepotent stallion; noted for its versatility; possesses great stamina
	Paso Fino	Puerto Rico	14–15	riding	medium-sized; small head with large, wide-set eyes; legs delicate in appearance	noted for its natural four-beat lateral gait, in which the hind foot touches the ground a fraction of a second before the front; gait executed at three speeds—paso fino, paso corto, and paso largo
	Standardbred	U.S.	15–16	harness racing, riding	long, sloping, muscular hindquarters; long, thick mane and tail; typically bay in colour	primarily used for harness racing
	Tennessee Walking Horse	U.S.	15–16	riding	solid build; sturdy, muscular legs; numerous colours and markings	noted for its running walk, a natural smooth four-beat gait in which the horse's head nods in rhythm with the rise and fall of its hooves; considered the most naturally good-tempered horse breed
	Thoroughbred, also called English Thoroughbred	England	15–17	riding, flat and jump racing	large, expressive eyes; exceptionally long, sloping shoulders; fine-boned legs with small hooves; thin skin	bred primarily for racing, but also excels at dressage, eventing, and jumping; possesses great stamina and courage; bred extensively to improve other breeds
	Trakehner	East Prussia (now in Lithuania)	16–17	riding, light draft	refined head with large, expressive eyes; long, elegant neck; strong, sloping shoulders	considered one of the most elegant European warmbloods; excels at dressage and show jumping; influenced by Thoroughbred and Arabian blood