Valentina Tereshkova
Valentina Tereshkova (born March 6, 1937, Maslennikovo, Russia, U.S.S.R.) is a Soviet cosmonaut and the first woman to travel into space. On June 16, 1963, she was launched in the spacecraft Vostok 6, which completed 48 orbits in 71 hours. In space at the same time was Valery F. Bykovsky, who had been launched two days earlier in Vostok 5, and the two spacecraft approached within 4.5 km (2.8 miles) of each other; both landed on June 19.
Although she had no pilot training, Tereshkova was an accomplished amateur parachutist and on this basis was accepted for the cosmonaut program along with four other women when she volunteered in 1962. (On Vostok missions, cosmonauts ejected before landing and parachuted to the ground separately from the spacecraft.) On November 3, 1963, she married Andriyan G. Nikolayev, another cosmonaut. They divorced in 1982.
From 1966 until 1991 Tereshkova was an active member in the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet. She directed the Soviet Women’s Committee in 1968, and from 1974 to 1991 she served as a member of the Supreme Soviet Presidium. She retired from the Russian Air Force in 1997 with the rank of major general. In 2008 Tereshkova became the deputy chair of the parliament of Yaroslavl oblast as a member of the United Russia party. Three years later she was elected to the Duma, and as of 2023 she still serves in that body. In 2020 she became the subject of political controversy when she introduced in the Duma the constitutional amendment that removed term limits for president Vladimir Putin. Tereshkova was named a Hero of the Soviet Union and was twice awarded the Order of Lenin.
As part of the Artemis space program, launched in 2017, NASA aims not only to return humans to the Moon by 2025, with the goal of establishing a sustainable presence there and on other planets, but to land the first woman and first person of colour on the Moon, and that woman may be Jessica Meir. Tereshkova’s pioneering career, along with the feats of Sally Ride (the first American woman to travel into outer space) and Mae Jemison (the first African American woman to become an astronaut), helped pave the way for these future ventures in exploration.