Tongguan, town, eastern Shaanxi sheng (province), north-central China. It is situated on the south bank of the Huang He (Yellow River), just below its confluence with the Wei River where the Huang bends to the east and opposite the town of Fenglingdu in Shanxi province.
The town is located in an extremely narrow and precipitous pass. Tongguan (“Tong Pass”) has always stood at the eastern gateway into the Wei River valley and Shaanxi province, known to the people of the North China Plain to the east as Guanzhong, or Guannei (“Within the Pass”). The old Tongguan town was originally some 1.25 miles (2 km) southeast and was moved to its present site in 611. Under the Tang dynasty (618–907) it was known as Tongjin county and was the key to the defenses of the Tang capital, Chang’an (present-day Xi’an). With the transfer after 907 of the capital to the eastern plains, Tongguan lost its major defensive role; it remained an important strategic place, however, and was the site of a wei (guard) under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). It became Tongguan county under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12).
After 1949 Tongguan was merged with Weinan prefecture to the west, and later (1994) it came under the administration of the city of Weinan. In the 1950s, with the construction of the major dam and hydroelectric installation at Sanmen Gorge, a new town was built south of the old town and became the seat of Tongguan county. The old town of Tongguan is now a tourist resort, with its Twelve Connected Fortresses built during Ming and Qing times as the main attraction. The new town of Tongguan is on the Longhai rail line and the Xi’an-Tongguan expressway. It has become a local communication and trading centre. There are rich gold deposits in the area, and gold mining has become an important economic activity. Some small local mines, however, have raised concerns over their potential for damaging the natural environment. Pop. (2000 est.) new town, 25,863; old town, 10,917.