Turkestan, city, southern Kazakhstan. It lies in the Syr Darya (ancient Jaxartes River) plain.
Turkestan was an ancient centre of the caravan trade; it was known as Shavgar and later as Yasī. It became a religious centre called Khazret (Hazrat) because of the 12th-century Sufi (Muslim mystic) Ahmed Yesevi, whose 14th-century mausoleum is the city’s chief monument; a notable example of Timurid architecture, the structure was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2003. Turkestan was captured by the Russians in 1864. It now has several industries. Pop. (2009) 142,899; (2012 est.) 150,595.