The Valpinçon Bather, oil painting created in 1808 by French Neoclassical artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. It depicts a female nude and is a masterpiece of light and harmony. The painting was originally entitled Seated Woman but in time acquired its present name after one of its later owners. It is now in the Louvre in Paris.
After studying under the artist Jacques-Louis David, Ingres was accepted into the École des Beaux-Arts and then, in 1801, won the prestigious Prix de Rome. This was a scholarship awarded by the French government to allow their best artists to study at the Académie de France in Rome and learn about the Italian masters of the past. Unfortunately, the state could not afford to send artists to Italy at that time because of France’s failing economy. Ingres continued painting in France and eventually went to Rome in 1808. The Valpinçon Bather was one of Ingres’s first paintings to be executed in Italy, one of the works that the scholarship required him to produce and submit to Paris. Although the artist was surrounded by centuries of important Renaissance art, this painting in many ways breaks with tradition.
Rather than reveal his subject’s identity, Ingres placed his almost monumental subject facing away from the viewer, with her torso twisted slightly to open her back. This allows the viewer to admire and even objectify the bather without her challenging us—she remains anonymous, undetermined, her character undecipherable. The subject is sensual and yet chaste.Though Ingres’s later works of female nudes often adopted more frontal poses that looked toward the viewer, he also repeated the pose of The Valpinçon Bather in later paintings.
Ingres’s limited palette of greens, creams, and browns changes from the dark tones of the curtain on the left to the light tones of the backdrop and bed cover on the right. This gradation of tone can be seen as an echo of the symbolic nature of bathing, an act that cleanses and purifies one’s soul as well as body.