United States occupation of Veracruz
United States occupation of Veracruz, the occupation in April–November 1914 of Veracruz, the chief port on the east coast of Mexico, by military forces of the United States during the civil wars of the Mexican Revolution. Victory for the United States in a one-sided battle resulted in U.S. troops occupying the city for six months.
By early 1914, U.S. support for the military regime of General Victoriano Huerta during the Mexican Revolution had been withdrawn. Woodrow Wilson’s election as president led to U.S. opposition to a regime Wilson considered illegitimate, and an embargo was placed on arms transfers to Huerta. Tensions then arose over the so-called Tampico Affair. On April 9, several unarmed sailors from the crew of the USS Dolphin, anchored in the southeastern Mexican port of Tampico, an important entrepot for Mexico’s oil trade, were arrested after landing in a restricted dock area and were detained for an hour and a half. The Mexican commander, recognizing the error on the part of his inexperienced troops, immediately released the sailors, but Wilson demanded a 21-gun salute to the U.S. flag as an apology. The apology was made, but President Huerta refused the salute. This development, in conjunction with the Ypiranga Incident—in which the U.S. learned that the SS Ypiranga, a German steamer, was about to deliver weapons and munitions to the Mexican government at Veracruz in violation of the arms embargo that the U.S. had instituted—compelled Wilson to order the U.S. military to seize the port.
On April 21, warships of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, commanded by Admiral Frank Fletcher, arrived at Veracruz, and around 500 U.S. Marines and 300 U.S. Navy personnel went ashore. They encountered almost no resistance in taking the port, as Mexican army soldiers loyal to Huerta retreated. However, taking control of the city would not be so easy. Fierce fighting began when cadets of the Veracruz Naval Academy, supported by fifty remaining Mexican army soldiers, the untrained citizens of Veracruz, and even a detachment of freed inmates from the federal prison, resisted the U.S. invasion. The Americans suffered a number of casualties in trying to take the academy before U.S. warships shelled the building with their long guns, killing all fifteen cadets barricaded inside. With further reinforcements arriving, the U.S. forces, now totaling about 3,000 sailors and Marines, were able to take complete control of the city with little difficulty. The so-called “Battle of Veracruz” was over by March 24, then beginning a six-month U.S. occupation of the city.
Both Huerta and his rival Venustiano Carranza denounced the seizure. The action cut Huerta off from the source of needed munitions (although the arms aboard the Ypiranga did reach Huerta via an unoccupied port), but the United States permitted his opponents to be supplied as well. By July 1914, the Constitutionalists under Carranza were able to take over the government, and Huerta was forced into exile.
The U.S. Marines occupying the city were finally withdrawn in November. However, Wilson’s government did not immediately endorse Carranza, and the Revolution, with new contenders to take Huerta’s place, soon saw intensified warfare along the U.S.-Mexico border, including Pancho Villa’s cross-border raid on Columbus, New Mexico, followed, in 1916, by the Pershing Expedition’s invasion of Mexico anew.
Losses: U.S., 22 dead, 70 wounded of 2,300; Mexican, some 160 dead, at least 200 wounded.