Vidisha, city, west-central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It lies just east of the Betwa River, about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Bhopal. The city, originally called Besnagar and later dubbed Bhilsa (or Bhelsa), was renamed Vidisha in 1956.
Vidisha is of great antiquity, being mentioned in the Sanskrit epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. Under the Mauryan and Gupta empires the city was a great religious, commercial, and political centre. It fell to the Muslims in 1235.
The present-day city is surrounded by square stone walls built of materials from the ruined ancient city. Objects of historical interest include the tomb of Lohangi-Pir, the Buddhist pillar Pani-ki-Kundi, and a masonry tank, all of which are atop Lohangi Rock, a sandstone edifice 23 feet (7 metres) high. Near the rock is the Bijamandal Mosque. Near the city are numerous remains of Buddhist stupas, commonly called Bhilsa Topes, dating from between the 3rd century bce and the 1st century ce and including the Sanchi group; those collectively were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1989. To the north lies the site of Besnagar, the remains of the ancient city, with a 1st-century-bce monolithic pillar. Nearby, on Udayagiri Hill to the northwest, are 20 cave temples dating from the Gupta period (4th–6th century ce).
Vidisha is an agricultural trade centre and is engaged in flour milling and hand weaving. It is also known for the manufacture of metal containers and steel trunks. The city has colleges, including a technological institute, affiliated with Bhopal University. Wheat, sorghum, and oilseeds are the chief crops grown in the surrounding area. Pop. (2001) 125,453; (2011) 155,951.