Wakefield, urban area (from 2011 built-up area), city, and metropolitan borough (district) in the southeastern portion of the metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, northern England.
The metropolitan borough extends eastward from the former coal-mining and wool-manufacturing area in the Pennine foothills to the plain beyond the confluence of the Rivers Aire and Calder at Castleford. Coal mining declined dramatically in the late 20th century, and the last remaining mine, near the town of Pontefract in the eastern part of the borough, closed in 2002. The fertile limestone area in the eastern part of the borough is graced by fine mansions set in parkland, such as Bretton and Woolley halls and Nostell Priory, but is also scarred by mining subsidence and spoil heaps.
The city and metropolitan borough is named for its main population centre, the historic town of Wakefield. Wakefield was originally the chief locality in a large estate belonging to Edward the Confessor and was still a royal manor in 1086. Shortly afterward it became a baronial holding. Wakefield had a wool market by 1308, and Flemish cloth weavers began to settle there about 1470, stimulating the local woolen industry. By the 16th century Wakefield, together with Halifax and Leeds, had become noted for cloth finishing and dyeing. The town was attacked and taken by the Parliamentarian general Thomas Fairfax in 1643 during the English Civil Wars. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the city was noted as a centre for the production of woolen cloth. Wakefield still has a substantial textile industry, but other industries, such as food processing, engineering, machinery, and metal fabrication, have gained in relative importance.
The city retains the administrative importance that it acquired as the county town of the West Riding of the historic county of Yorkshire, but it is subsidiary to Leeds as a commercial centre. Besides the historic town of Wakefield, the city and metropolitan borough encompass the towns of Ossett, Horbury, Normanton, Featherstone, Castleford, Pontefract, and Hemsworth, several rural villages, and areas of open countryside. The National Coal Mining Museum for England, located in an abandoned colliery, is just west of Wakefield town. Area metropolitan borough, 131 square miles (339 square km). Pop. (2001) urban area, 76,886; metropolitan borough, 315,172; (2011) built-up area, 99,251; metropolitan borough, 325,837.