water snake
water snake, (subfamily Natricinae), any of about 200 species of semiaquatic snakes belonging to 38 genera (family Colubridae). Water snakes feed in or near water, and some leave aquatic environments only to bask in the sun or breed. Water snakes are characterized by stout bodies with strongly keeled scales and triangular heads. They are primarily distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. All New World species are viviparous and thus give birth to live young, whereas most Old World species are oviparous and lay eggs. The principal diet of water snakes is made up of fish and amphibians. When handled, water snakes habitually defecate or excrete a foul-smelling substance from their anal scent glands. Although they are nonvenomous, they are generally ill-tempered and bite freely.
In North America the most abundant genus is Nerodia, which is made up of 11 species that range from southern Canada south through the eastern United States and eastern Mexico. The northern water snake (N. sipedon), the most common species, inhabits the eastern half of the United States, southern Ontario, and southern Quebec. It is a moderately large snake that can reach lengths of 1 to 1.4 metres (3 to 4.5 feet). The body is coloured tan to gray and marked by large dark brown blotches. N. sipedon is active during the day in the fall and spring and nocturnal during the summer. It feeds principally on fish. Females give birth to 4–100 young.
The salt marsh snake (N. clarkii) lives in the brackish water habitats of the southeastern United States, and adults typically grow to 0.3–0.7 metre (1–2 feet) long. There are three morphologically distinct subspecies: the salt marsh snake (N. clarkii clarkii) of the Gulf Coast region is characterized by light stripes along the full length of the body; the mangrove salt marsh snake (N. clarkii compressicauda) is variable in colour and has striping over part of its length; and the Atlantic salt marsh snake (N. clarkii taeniata) possesses dark stripes that break up into rows of dark spots near the tail. All species hide among the marsh grasses, where they ambush fish and crustaceans. Females give birth to 2–14 young.
Nerodia is often mistaken for the venomous cottonmouth water moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus) because they have a similar shape and coloration. When molested, Nerodia will inflate its body, spread its jaws to form a larger, more triangular-shaped head, hiss loudly, and strike savagely. When swimming, only the head of Nerodia will rise above the surface of the water, whereas the anterior half of the water moccasin’s body will float on the surface.
Natrix, the genus of Eurasian water snakes, is made up of four species. The common grass snake (N. natrix), which is the most terrestrial of the water snakes, inhabits all of Europe and western Asia. It is olive-coloured, green, or gray, with a yellow or white collar on the neck. Adults range in length from 0.6 to 1 metre (2 to 3 feet); however, some may reach 2 metres (about 6.5 feet) in length. N. natrix is diurnal and frequents damp places near water. It preys mainly upon frogs and toads but will occasionally eat salamanders, tadpoles, or fish. Females lay 8–40 eggs.
The five species of Asiatic water snakes, Sinonatrix, which may be closely related to Nerodia, are more aquatic than Natrix and are found throughout Southeast Asia, southern China, and parts of Indonesia. Sinonatrix typically grows to a length of about 1 metre (3 feet) and principally feeds upon fish. S. annularis, the only live-bearing water snake in the Old World, produces 4–13 young.
Other Asian and Indonesian genera include Amphiesma, with about 40 species; Rhabdophis, with about 20 species; Tropidonophis, with about 20 species; and Xenochrophis, with 10 species. The checkered keelback (X. piscator), one of the more common species in southern Asia, grows to 1.1 metres (3.5 feet), preys upon fish and mice, and lays 17–100 eggs. In addition, Opisthotropis, an unusual genus made up of 20 species, lives beneath stones in mountain streams in China and Southeast Asia; it is nocturnal and feeds upon fish, adult frogs, tadpoles, and invertebrates. Females of this genus lay one to six eggs.