Who’s Who in America, biographical dictionary that provides brief and pertinent information about prominent living persons in the United States. Most of the material is self-reported, supplied through publisher questionnaires.
In 1849 the world’s first Who’s Who was published in London. It was a handbook of titled classes in England and listed only names. Decades later Albert Nelson Marquis, the founder of the Chicago-based publishing house A.N. Marquis and Company, decided to create an American version but with biographical sketches. The imprint Marquis Who’s Who was formed in 1898, and the following year the first Who’s Who in America was published. It featured entries on 8,602 people. Marquis served as the book’s editor in chief and maintained strict standards on inclusion. Notably, he did not add athletes until 1927. Under his guidance, Who’s Who in America became widely regarded as the standard, authoritative work of contemporary biography for the United States. By the early 21st century, the reference work contained more than 100,000 entries.
Over the years, various special editions have been published, including Who’s Who of American Women, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in American Law, and Who’s Who in American Art. While mostly focused on Americans, the series includes Who’s Who in the World, which appeared in 1970. In addition, an Internet version of Who’s Who in America was launched in 2002. Beginning in 1969 Marquis Who’s Who went through a series of owners. In 2016 it became the property of Marquis Who’s Who Ventures, a privately owned company.
In the early 21st century, the publisher faced criticism over the selection process. While it claimed to conduct a stringent review of all nominees, some noted that a number of entrants seemed underqualified. In addition, because the information is self-reported, there have been instances of embellishment and otherwise inaccurate information.