Theodor Billroth (born April 26, 1829, Bergen auf Rügen, Prussia [Germany]—died Feb. 6, 1894, Abbazia, Austria-Hungary [now Opatija, Croatia]) was a Viennese surgeon, generally considered to be the founder of modern abdominal surgery.
Billroth’s family was of Swedish origin. He studied at the universities of Greifswald, Göttingen, and Berlin, Germany, and received his degree from the last in 1852. From 1853 to 1860 he was assistant in B.R.K. Langenbeck’s surgical clinic in Berlin, and in 1860 he received the double appointment of regular professor of surgery and director of the surgical clinic at the University of Zürich, Switzerland.
While at Zürich (1860–67), Billroth published his classic Allgemeine chirurgische Pathologie und Therapie (1863; General Surgical Pathology and Therapeutics). After he joined the faculty at the University of Vienna (1867–94), founding a surgical clinic in the city, he began making major contributions to the practice. He was a pioneer in the study of the bacterial causes of wound fever, as evidenced by Untersuchungen über die Vegetationsformen von Coccobacteria septica (1874; “Investigations of the Vegetal Forms of Coccobacteria septica”), and was quick to use antiseptic techniques in his surgical practice. With the threat of fatal surgical infections lessened through his work and others’, Billroth proceeded to alter or remove organs that had previously been considered inaccessible. In 1872 he was first to remove a section of the esophagus, joining the remaining parts together; a year later he performed the first complete excision of a larynx.
By 1881 he had made intestinal surgery seem almost commonplace and was ready to attempt what appeared in his time as the most formidable abdominal operation conceivable: excision of a cancerous pylorus (the lower end of the stomach). His successful execution of the operation helped to initiate the modern era of surgery.
He was also a man of strong artistic bent and was a lifelong friend of the composer Johannes Brahms.