Ẓafār, ancient Arabian site located southwest of Yarīm in southern Yemen. It was the capital of the Himyarites, a tribe that ruled much of southern Arabia from about 115 bce to about 525 ce. Up until the Persian conquest (c. 575 ce), Ẓafār was one of the most important and celebrated towns in southern Arabia—a fact attested to not only by Arab geographers and historians but also by Greek and Roman authors. After the extinction of the Ḥimyar kingdom and the rise of Islam, Ẓafār gradually fell into decay.