Lady Bird Johnson
Lady Bird Johnson (born December 22, 1912, Karnack, Texas, U.S.—died July 11, 2007, Austin, Texas) was an American first lady (1963–69), the wife of Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th president of the United States, and an environmentalist noted for her emphasis on beautification.
The daughter of Thomas Jefferson Taylor, a prosperous businessman, and Minnie Patillo Taylor, Claudia Alta Taylor was nicknamed “Lady Bird” on the suggestion of a family nursemaid. After her mother’s death in 1918, Taylor was raised by an aunt who came to live with the family. Her childhood was very lonely, and she later noted that it was during these years that she developed her love of reading and her respect for the tranquillity of nature. Unusually bright, she attended local schools and graduated from high school at age 15; later she attended St. Mary’s Episcopal School for Girls in Dallas, where she pursued her interest in writing.
At the University of Texas at Austin, which Taylor entered in 1930, she enjoyed many luxuries that most other students could not afford, such as her own car and charge account, but she had already developed the very careful spending habits that would characterize her later in life. After finishing a bachelor’s degree in history in 1933, she remained an additional year to take a degree in journalism. Her training in this field helped her to develop skills that she would later use in her relations with the press.
She met Lyndon Baines Johnson in the summer of 1934, and he proposed almost immediately. They were married at St. Mark’s Episcopal Church in San Antonio, Texas, on November 17, 1934. After several miscarriages, Lady Bird Johnson gave birth to two daughters, Lynda Bird Johnson in 1944 and Luci Baines Johnson in 1947.
In 1937 Lady Bird Johnson used $10,000 of her inheritance to support Lyndon Johnson’s first congressional campaign. After his election, she assisted constituents visiting the capital by showing them the main tourist attractions of the city. In 1941–42, while Lyndon Johnson was serving in the military (he was the first congressman to volunteer for active duty in World War II), she ran his congressional office and further developed her skills at handling his constituents.
In 1943, with more of Lady Bird Johnson’s inherited money, the Johnsons purchased a radio station in Austin, and she took over as manager. Although it was never clear how much of her ensuing success was due to her own decisions and how much to Lyndon Johnson’s political connections or to sheer luck, her interest and expertise were genuine, and she continued to be active in managerial decisions long after the station became profitable.
As her husband’s political career advanced and he became a powerful figure in Washington, D.C., Lady Bird Johnson participated in his campaigns but shied away from giving speeches, preferring to shake hands and write letters instead. After taking a course in public speaking in 1959, however, she became an excellent extemporaneous speaker. In 1960, when Lyndon Johnson was nominated for vice president on the Democratic ticket with John F. Kennedy, she actively campaigned throughout the South, and Robert Kennedy later said that she had carried Texas for the Democrats.
Johnson used the three years of her husband’s vice presidency to hire an expert staff, including Liz Carpenter, a seasoned reporter, who served as both staff director and press secretary. Carpenter helped to portray Johnson in the best possible light when, after the assassination of President Kennedy in November 1963, she faced unfavorable comparisons with her stunning predecessor, Jacqueline Kennedy.
In the election of 1964, Lady Bird Johnson campaigned vigorously. Although Lyndon Johnson’s strong stand on civil rights had made him a pariah in many parts of the South, she insisted that no state be written off. From her campaign train, dubbed the “Lady Bird Special,” she rode through seven Southern states, urging voters to support her husband.
Following President Johnson’s election, Lady Bird Johnson moved to establish her own record as first lady. She concentrated on Head Start, a program aimed at helping preschool children who were from disadvantaged backgrounds. But she became most closely identified with an environmental program, called “beautification,” that sought to encourage people to make their surroundings more attractive, whether they were wide-open spaces or crowded urban neighborhoods. To encourage private donations, she formed the First Lady’s Committee for a More Beautiful Capital.
In an attempt to improve the appearance of the nation’s highways, she urged Congress to pass the Highway Beautification Bill, which was strenuously opposed by billboard advertisers. Her involvement in the legislation was highly unusual, and, though she received some criticism, the bill (in diluted form) passed Congress and became law in October 1965.
After Lyndon Johnson announced that he would not seek reelection in 1968, Lady Bird Johnson continued a busy round of official activities but also prepared for retirement in Texas. There she continued the interests that had long sustained her, especially her family and environmental concerns, including the National Wildflower Research Center (now the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center). Although she occasionally made political appearances for her son-in-law, Virginia governor (and later senator) Charles Robb, she dedicated most of her time to the family business and her grandchildren.
Early in her White House tenure, Johnson began to record her impressions in daily tape recordings. A fraction of the thousands of hours she taped became the basis of her book, A White House Diary (1970), which was one of the most complete and revealing accounts ever left by a president’s wife. Following her husband’s death in 1973 Johnson divided her time between the LBJ ranch and her home in Austin.