Betty Ford
Betty Ford (born April 8, 1918, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.—died July 8, 2011, Rancho Mirage, California) was an American first lady (1974–77)—the wife of Gerald Ford, 38th president of the United States—and founder of the Betty Ford Center, a facility dedicated to helping people recover from drug and alcohol dependence. She was noted for her strong opinions on public issues and her candor regarding intimate matters.
Betty Bloomer was the only daughter of William Bloomer, a salesman, and Hortense Neahr Bloomer. When she was two years old, the family, including her two older brothers, moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, where she attended public schools. At age eight she started dance lessons, reflecting an interest that she would maintain throughout her life. To earn spending money, she taught dance to other children. After graduating from high school in 1936, she spent two summers pursuing a dance career on the East Coast.
Bloomer studied at Bennington College in Vermont, where she came under the influence of the legendary modern dancer, teacher, and choreographer Martha Graham. As she later wrote, Graham “more than anyone else…shaped my life.” When Graham accepted her into her New York City troupe, Bloomer moved to Manhattan’s West Side. To augment her meager earnings as a dancer, she modeled with the John Robert Powers agency. Although she never became a principal dancer, Bloomer performed as one of Graham’s auxiliaries and delighted in the modern dance technique that had become Graham’s trademark.
At her mother’s insistence, Bloomer left the Graham troupe and returned to live in Grand Rapids, where she worked as a fashion consultant and taught dance to handicapped children. In 1942 she met and married William Warren. Details of the marriage are hazy, as Bloomer later insisted that she could remember very little about it. After five years she divorced him.
Soon after her divorce Bloomer met Gerald R. Ford, a local lawyer and partner in the law firm of Butterfield, Keeney, and Amberg. The two became engaged in February 1948, but they delayed the ceremony so that he could devote more time to his campaign for a seat in the House of Representatives. Gerald Ford arrived for the wedding on October 15, 1948, after a morning of greeting voters. His victory in November sent the young couple to Washington, D.C., where they lived for the next three decades. From 1950 to 1957 Betty Ford gave birth to four children, three sons and one daughter.
Because Gerald Ford was away campaigning or speaking to Republican groups much of the time, the responsibilities of parenting fell mostly to Betty Ford. She sometimes joked that the family car went to the emergency room so often that it could make the trip on its own. In the mid-1960s, when she developed a pinched nerve and spinal arthritis, doctors prescribed pain medicine, to which she became addicted, as she later admitted. Her own physical discomfort, combined with the stress of raising young children, prompted her to seek psychiatric treatment, which she later described as enormously helpful.
Betty Ford’s life as the inconspicuous wife of a congressman ended in October 1973 when Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned and President Richard Nixon named Gerald Ford to the job, the first time that the 25th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which permitted the president to fill a vacancy in the office of vice president (subject to confirmation by a majority vote of both houses of Congress), was invoked. On August 9, 1974, after Nixon resigned over his involvement in the Watergate affair, Gerald Ford became the first president who had never been elected president or vice president.
Ford always had a reputation for candor, but she later said that the circumstances under which she became first lady underscored that predilection. She understood that, in the wake of Watergate, Americans demanded more honesty from their public officials. Her commitment to openness was soon tested. On September 28, 1974, just weeks after she moved into the White House, her doctors performed a mastectomy, removing her cancerous right breast. Previous presidents’ wives had concealed their illnesses, especially those peculiar to women, but she and her husband decided to disclose the facts. Moved by her example, women all across the nation went to their physicians for examinations; Ford said it was then that she recognized the first lady’s enormous power to make a difference. Although chemotherapy followed, she continued to perform her duties as first lady.
Ford sometimes said that she admired Bess Truman for her down-to-earth style and Eleanor Roosevelt for her independence, and she sought to emulate both. Only days after moving into the White House, she met with reporters and surprised them by announcing that some of her views—including her support for Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion—resembled those of liberal Republicans more than those of her husband. She also vigorously supported the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), then up for ratification in several state legislatures, lobbying wavering representatives in phone calls and meetings. The amendment failed, however, when the requisite number of states failed to ratify it in the time allotted. Her critics objected that she should not have intervened, though her supporters praised her involvement.
Betty Ford gained national attention for her appearance on the television news program 60 Minutes in August 1975. When asked about her views on premarital sex, she said that she would not be surprised to learn that her 18-year-old daughter had had an affair. She said that, as a mother, she would counsel her daughter and try to find out something about the “young man.” When the program aired, the print media quoted her out of context, making her sound quite different than she did in the interview. Gerald Ford said that, when he viewed the program, he calculated that it would cost him 10 million votes, but he doubled the damage when he read the printed version. His pessimism was unwarranted, however. Betty Ford’s popularity soared, and Time magazine later named her Woman of the Year. Buttons appeared that promoted her candidacy for national office, although she gave no support to such efforts.
After Gerald Ford narrowly lost the election of 1976 to Jimmy Carter, the Fords retired to Rancho Mirage, California, where Betty Ford’s dependence on prescription drugs continued. In early 1978, under pressure from her family, she agreed to enter a treatment center in Long Beach. After her successful treatment there, she cofounded the Betty Ford Center in 1982 to help treat others with similar addictions and chaired the board of directors until 2005. The center became popular and attracted clients from all walks of life. In 1991 she was awarded a Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President George H.W. Bush for her efforts to promote public awareness and treatment of alcohol and drug addiction; she and Gerald Ford received a Congressional Gold Medal in 1999.
Betty Ford’s life was chronicled in the 1987 made-for-television movie The Betty Ford Story. She published two books, Betty: A Glad Awakening (1987) and Healing and Hope: Six Women from the Betty Ford Center Share Their Powerful Journeys of Addiction and Recovery (2003). Although much about her life was traditional, Ford compiled a remarkably independent record as first lady, and she became enormously popular for her honesty and candor.