bowfin

bowfin, (Amia calva), freshwater fish of the order Amiiformes (infraclass Holostei); it is the only recognized living representative of its family (Amiidae), which dates back to the Jurassic Period (201.3 million to 145 million years ago). The bowfin is a voracious fish found in sluggish waters in eastern North America from the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basin southward to the Gulf of Mexico.

The bowfin is mottled green and brown and has a long dorsal fin and strong conical teeth. Females reach a length of 75 cm (30 inches). The largest bowfins weigh up to 9.8 kg (21.6 pounds). Males are usually smaller, growing to between 45.7 and 61 cm (18 and 24 inches) in length, and are also distinguished by a black tail spot circled with orange.

The bowfin spawns in spring. The male constructs a crude nest among vegetation to attract females. After the eggs are fertilized, he guards both the fertilized eggs and newly hatched young. Bowfins can live as long as 30 years. The bowfin is a generalist predator, preying on amphibians, crustaceans, insects, snakes, and other fishes, including other bowfins. Bowfins are preyed upon by alligators, and they are fished by sport anglers.

The bowfin can obtain oxygen by inhaling air into its gas bladder, as well as through its gills in the water. During the warmer months, when temperatures rise and dissolved oxygen in the water decreases, the bowfin rises to gulp air at the surface.

Despite the long-held assertion that the contemporary bowfin is the only living member of its family, one genetic and morphological study suggests that there is strong evidence that bowfins are made up of at least two, and possibly as many as four, distinct species. These lineages appear to have diverged between one and three million years ago, with one inhabiting the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins and the other claiming rivers and streams from eastern Alabama east to Virginia’s Atlantic coast and south to Florida.