Brazzaville, city (commune), capital, and river port of the Republic of the Congo and former capital of French Equatorial Africa. It is situated on the north bank of the Congo River below Malebo (Stanley) Pool, across from Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was founded in 1883, when the village of Ntamo was “purchased” by the French, who developed it as a European administrative and residential centre. Until the early 1960s the centre of the city remained European, with African sections developing in the northeast (Poto-Poto) and southwest (Bacongo and Makélékélé). The centre city remains the focus of administration and commerce.
The river port forms the terminus of the Congo-Ocean transport system, with steamer service to the upper reaches of the Congo River and a railroad to Pointe-Noire, on the Atlantic coast, 245 miles (394 km) west. The port facilities were expanded after World War II. Almost half of the shipping involved is transit trade for other central African countries. Although the port is the focus of a rather extensive industrial and processing area, the primary activity of Brazzaville remains that of an administrative centre. It has a Roman Catholic cathedral, and in 1961 a teachers’ training centre was established there, which was the nucleus for a national university established in 1972. Students are drawn to the centre from Gabon, Chad, and the Central African Republic. Brazzaville also has vocational and technical institutes, the Poto-Poto School of African Art, and the regional headquarters of the World Health Organization. The city is served by an international airport at Maya Maya. Pop. (2005 prelim.) 1,174,000.