Agadez, town, central Niger, at the southern edge of the Aïr massif. Agadez is a market town at a crossroads, 460 miles (740 km) northeast of Niamey, the national capital. Once the seat of a Tuareg sultanate (dating from the 15th century), it was occupied by the French in the early1900s. In 1916–17 it was the epicentre of a Tuareg rebellion against French colonial administration, when, in the wake of a severe drought and famine (1913–15), the French began to requisition food and other supplies from Tuareg pastoralists. Led by Kaocen Ag Mohammed, the Tuareg revolted and laid siege to the town for four months before the French were able to crush the rebellion. The town was also a base of operations in the Tuareg rebellion against the Niger government in the 1990s and another that began in 2007.
The surrounding region receives less than 12 inches (300 mm) of annual rainfall and lies above the northern limit of nonirrigated cultivation in Niger. The general elevation of this vast landscape of sandy basins, low lateritic plateaus, isolated hills, and sandstone bluffs varies from 1,000 to 3,000 feet (300 to 1,000 metres). Elevations in the Aïr massif, a 200-mile (325-km) Precambrian granite mountain range to the north, reach 6,600 feet (2,000 metres). Cassiterite (tin) and coal are mined near Agadez. Tuareg and Fulani nomads traditionally meet annually in August at I-n-Gall some 68 miles (110 km) to the west of Agadez. Agadez handles their livestock and hides as well as some grains and vegetables in the marketplace. The School of Mines of the Aïr opened in Agadez in 1976, and uranium mining has become important. Tourism, once prevalent in the town, has been adversely affected by the political instability caused by the Tuareg rebellions of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The historic centre of the city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2013. Agadez is home to an international airport. Pop. (2001) 78,289; (2012) 110,497.