Harry F. Byrd (born June 10, 1887, Martinsburg, West Virginia, U.S.—died October 20, 1966, Berryville, Virginia) American newspaper publisher, farmer, and prominent Democratic politician in the state of Virginia for more than 40 years. Elected governor of the state in 1925 and appointed U.S. senator in 1933, he embraced low taxes, minimal government services, administrative efficiency, and white supremacy. He and the so-called Byrd Organization, a group of his powerful supporters in the Virginia Democratic Party, dominated Virginia’s politics into the 1960s.
Harry Flood Byrd was raised in Winchester, Virginia. His lineage included political leaders and socially prominent Virginians from colonial times—notably William Byrd of Westover (1674–1744), the founder of the city of Richmond. Harry Byrd’s father served as speaker of the House of Delegates (the lower house of Virginia’s state legislature), and his maternal uncle and great-uncle also held public office.
Byrd left school when he was 15 years old to work at his family’s newspaper, The Evening Star (now The Winchester Star). At the time, the newspaper was unprofitable. He eventually became its president, general manager, and publisher, successfully reviving and expanding the paper. Meanwhile, Byrd became interested in the apple business, at first buying the produce and reselling it for a profit. He bought his first orchard in 1912 and remained involved in the business for the rest of his life.
Byrd’s political career began at an early age. When he was 21 years old, he was appointed to the Winchester City Council. From 1915 to 1925 he served in the Virginia Senate, where he sat on committees concerned with highways and finance. Although he did not author any significant legislation, Byrd began to consolidate his power in the early 1920s as the chair of the Virginia Democratic Party.
Byrd was elected governor of Virginia in 1925 and took office early the next year. During his four-year term he reorganized the government into a reduced but efficient entity. He was able to get the state out of debt by implementing a “pay-as-you-go” system. He concentrated on building roads, developing industry, and attracting tourism. When Byrd’s term ended in 1930, he retired to his orchard in Berryville.
In 1933 Virginia’s governor appointed Byrd to the U.S. Senate to replace Claude Swanson, who had resigned to become secretary of the Navy. Byrd was reelected multiple times, serving for 32 years. From early on in his tenure, he vigorously opposed the economic and social reforms pursued by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration as part of the New Deal. He voted against public work programs, public housing initiatives, minimum-wage increases, and federal legislation protecting labor unions while advocating for a balanced federal budget and the strengthening of states’ rights.
During his political career Byrd used his clout to influence Virginia’s politics and to aid the election of politicians who were sympathetic to his views, thus maintaining control over the state through the Byrd Organization, which functioned as a political machine. Beginning in the 1920s, the Byrd Organization defeated multiple proposals to eliminate or reduce poll taxes, which prevented many of Virginia’s Black citizens from voting. When the U.S. Supreme Court, in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), ordered the racial desegregation of public schools, Byrd promoted a policy of what he called “massive resistance” to desegregation. He encouraged the closing of some public schools in Virginia to prevent Black and white students from attending classes together. He also coauthored the “Southern Manifesto” (1956), a document signed by numerous Southern politicians attacking the Supreme Court’s desegregation decision.
During his last years in office, Byrd opposed most of the social reforms initiated by Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Byrd retired from the Senate in 1965.