n

nDevelopment of the letter n. The letter probably started as a picture sign of a snake, as in Egyptian hieroglyphic writing (1) and in a very early Semitic writing which was used about 1500 bce on the Sinai Peninsula (2). About 1000 bce, in Byblos and other Phoenician and Canaanite centres, the sign was given a linear form (3), the source of all later forms. In the Semitic languages the sign was called nahas, meaning “snake,” or nun, meaning "fish." The Greeks changed the Semitic name nun to nu. They also changed the direction of the sign to suit the left-to-right direction of their writing (4). Later they made the upright strokes of equal length (5). The Romans took the sign without change into Latin (6). From Latin the capital letter N came into English. The English small handwritten n is simply a quickly made capital N with curves instead of angles (7). The printed small n is similar to the handwritten form.

n, fourteenth letter of the alphabet. In all known alphabets the letter has stood in close connection with m, the particular form of one being generally reflected in the other. The Semitic form nun (originally probably meaning “fish”) and the Greek nu (Ν) are its predecessors.

The form evolved from early inscriptions from Thera and Corinth to a three-stroke character in the Ionic alphabet of Abu Simbel. The four-stroke Etruscan character resembled the Latin M, while the Latin form was largely indistinguishable from the modern N. The Carolingian hand developed the rounded minuscule form, and from this derives the modern minuscule n.

The sound that the letter has represented throughout its history is the dental nasal, the nasals being of all sounds the least liable to change. Before the velar consonants k, hard c, hard g, q, and x, however, n has the velar sound heard in long as distinguished from the dental sound heard in lawn (e.g., in ink, angle, relinquish). This is not the case in unkempt or ingrate, where n ends the prior member of a compound.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Michael Ray.