Saitama, capital of Saitama ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. Situated in the southeastern part of the prefecture, the city was created in 2001 through the merger of the former cities of Urawa, Yono, and Ōmiya. It lies near the northern limit of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area, about 20 miles (32 km) north of central Tokyo. The city site is on the level to gently rolling lowlands of the Kantō Plain, the southeast-flowing Ara River constituting the western boundary of the municipality.
Ōmiya, formerly the prefectural capital and now the northern portion of Saitama city, and Urawa, the southern part of the new city, were roughly equal in size at the time of the merger. Both had been post towns on the Nakasendō highway between Ōsaka and Edo (Tokyo) during the Tokugawa period (1603–1867), and both grew rapidly in the 20th century, especially after World War II. Between them was the much smaller Yono, which did not become urbanized until after the war and whose area was restricted by its two expanding neighbours. Merger discussions among the three were initiated before the war but did not begin in earnest until the early 1990s; negotiations continued for another decade before a final agreement was reached. The city is now divided administratively into nine wards, two of which—Ōmiya and Urawa—occupy the central areas, respectively, of the former cities.
Saitama combines elements of a commercial and residential suburb of Tokyo with a growing industrial sector. Manufactures include transportation equipment, machinery, metals, and processed foods. The area has long been a regional transportation hub, serving as a major rail junction and including a large railroad maintenance facility and a vast switchyard.
The city is the home of Saitama University (1949). The Shintō Hikawa Shrine in Ōmiya ward is thought to have been established in the 5th century ad. The shrine and nearby Saitama Prefectural Museum are set in parkland known for its springtime cherry blossoms. Also notable is the Museum of Modern Art, Saitama (1982), in Urawa ward. The Ōmiya area is renowned for its many bonsai (dwarf-tree) nurseries (first established there in the mid-1920s), and the Urawa vicinity includes a wild-primrose garden and a heron sanctuary. Saitama Stadium (2001) hosted games of the 2002 World Cup men’s football (soccer) finals. Pop. (2020) 1,324,025.