Democratic Alliance

Democratic Alliance (DA), South African political party formed in 2000 through the merger of the Democratic Party, the New National Party (see National Party), and the Federal Alliance. The Democratic Alliance (DA) became the official opposition party to the African National Congress (ANC), though the New National Party withdrew from the alliance the following year.

The DA traces its ancestry through the Democratic Party, a political party established in 1989 by the merger of the Progressive Federal Party with two smaller liberal parties, the National Democratic Movement and the Independent Party. The Democratic Party supported full voting and other civil rights for South Africa’s Black majority and constitutional changes toward that end. Following the dismantling of the apartheid system, South Africa held its first election by universal suffrage in 1994, which resulted in the country’s first multiethnic government. The Democratic Party won seven seats in the National Assembly, finishing far behind the ANC. In 1999, however, the Democratic Party won 38 seats and became the second largest party in the legislature. The Democratic Party subsequently proclaimed itself the party with the “guts to fight back,” and its leader, Tony Leon, cultivated a belligerent attitude toward the ruling ANC.

In an effort to present a more effective opposition to the ANC, the Democratic Party joined with the New National Party (NNP) and the Federal Alliance in 2000 to form the DA, headed by Leon, with Marthinus van Schalkwyk of the NNP as deputy leader. The union between the three would prove to be short-lived, however, as the NNP left the alliance in 2001 and tied its fortunes to the ANC, while the other two parties remained united as the DA.

The DA built its electoral base over subsequent years, and it had particular success in Cape Town. In March 2006 the party scored a major victory in local elections: DA spokesperson Helen Zille became mayor of Cape Town, and the DA won control of the Cape Town metropolitan council at the head of a multiparty coalition. The following year Leon stepped down as party leader, and Zille succeeded him (while remaining mayor of Cape Town).

In the 2009 elections the DA finished in second place with almost 17 percent of the national vote, far behind the victorious ANC. The DA performed strongly in the Western Cape, however—taking almost 49 percent of the vote in that province and marking the first time since 1999 that the Western Cape was not dominated by the ANC—and Zille became the premier of the province. The party placed second in Gauteng province, becoming the official opposition party there.

In 2010 the DA and another opposition party, the Independent Democrats (ID), headed by Patricia de Lille, announced that the two parties would merge by the 2014 national and provincial elections, with the DA absorbing the ID. In early 2014 the DA looked poised to absorb another opposition party, the nascent Agang SA, headed by Mamphela Ramphele, but that potential merger quickly collapsed.

The DA expanded its presence on both the national and provincial levels in the 2014 elections. The party finished in second place behind the ANC in the national poll again but won more than 22 percent of the vote, a higher percentage than in 2009. The DA dominated the Western Cape once more, this time with almost 60 percent of the vote, and it rose to the position of being the official opposition party in six other provinces.

Zille did not stand for reelection as leader of the DA at the party’s federal congress on May 9–10, 2015. She was succeeded by Mmusi Maimane, the DA’s parliamentary spokesperson. He was the first Black African to be elected leader of the DA.

In the 2019 national and provincial elections, the DA’s performance declined somewhat—the first decline since the party’s formation in 2000. The party won almost 21 percent of the vote, a slight drop from 2014. It was enough, however, to keep the party firmly in place as the official opposition party to the ANC at the national level. The DA continued its streak of dominating the Western Cape, albeit with about 55 percent of the vote, a smaller percentage than it had won in 2014. The party did not perform as well in the rest of the country and continued as the official opposition party in only four other provinces. An investigation report into the party’s performance, commissioned by Maimane, was released in October 2019. It found that the most significant problem was failure of effective party leadership and recommended that Maimane and two other officials step down. That month, Maimane resigned and left the party. He was succeeded as party leader by John Steenhuisen, who served in an interim capacity until he was formally elected to the post at the party’s federal congress in 2020; he was reelected in 2023.

In preparation for the 2024 national and provincial elections, Steenhuisen led the initiative to form the Multi-Party Charter for South Africa (MPC), a coalition of political parties with the goal of unseating the ANC. The DA won almost 22 percent of the vote in the national election—a slight increase from the 2019 election— and finished second behind the ANC.