Auger effect

Auger effect, in atomic physics, a spontaneous process in which an atom with an electron vacancy in the innermost (K) shell readjusts itself to a more stable state by ejecting one or more electrons instead of radiating a single X-ray photon. This internal photoelectric process is named for the French physicist Pierre-Victor Auger, who discovered it in 1925. (However, the effect had been previously discovered in 1923 by Austrian-born physicist Lise Meitner.)

All atoms consist of a nucleus and concentric shells of electrons. If an electron in one of the inner shells is removed by electron bombardment, absorption into the nucleus, or in some other way, an electron from another shell will jump into the vacancy, releasing energy that is promptly dissipated either by producing an X ray or through the Auger effect. In the Auger effect, the available energy expels an electron from one of the shells with the result that the residual atom then has two electron vacancies. The process may be repeated as the new vacancies are filled, otherwise X rays will be emitted. The probability that an Auger electron will be emitted is called the Auger yield for that shell. The Auger yield decreases with atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), and at atomic number 30 (zinc) the probabilities of the emission of X rays from the innermost shell and of the emission of Auger electrons is about equal. The Auger effect is useful in studying the properties of elements and compounds, nuclei, and subatomic particles called muons.