Poynting vector

Poynting vector, a quantity describing the magnitude and direction of the flow of energy in electromagnetic waves. It is named after English physicist John Henry Poynting, who introduced it in 1884.

The Poynting vector S is defined as to be equal to the cross product (1/μ)E × B, where μ is the permeability of the medium through which the radiation passes (see magnetic permeability), E is the electric field, and B is the magnetic field. Applying the definition of cross product (see vector) and the knowledge that the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other gives the magnitude S of the Poynting vector as (1/μ)EB, where E and B are, respectively, the magnitudes of the vectors E and B. The direction of the vector product S is perpendicular to the plane determined by the vectors E and B. For a traveling electromagnetic wave, the Poynting vector points in the direction of the propagation of the wave. The Poynting vector describes a power per unit area, and therefore its units are watts per square metre.