Tonian Period

Tonian Period, earliest of the three periods of the Neoproterozoic Era, extending from 1 billion to approximately 720 million years ago. It immediately followed the Stenian Period of the Mesoproterozoic Era (which lasted from 1.2 billion to 1 billion years ago) and was succeeded by the Cryogenian Period (approximately 720 million to approximately 635 million years ago). The starting and ending points of the interval were defined arbitrarily, with the end date roughly corresponding to the onset of the first recorded glacial episode after the (equally arbitrary) date of 750 million years ago.

The Tonian Period marked the last interval of relative inactivity of the planet’s atmosphere and geology. Earth’s landmasses were consolidated into a single supercontinent called Rodinia at the beginning of the Stenian Period. However, near the end of the Tonian Period, the supercontinent began to rift and break apart. In addition, Earth’s atmosphere was largely devoid of oxygen during the interval, according to evidence gathered from chromium isotopes in rock. Concentrations of atmospheric oxygen seem to have begun to rise during the interval, increasing to 1 percent relative to present-day concentrations sometime between 900 million and 800 million years ago.

The ancestors of green algae and seaweed first appeared as unicellular and primitive multicellular forms near the end of the Tonian Period. Scientists suggest that these organisms survived the end-Tonian glaciation in isolated habitats on the seafloor before diversifying during the Cryogenian Period.