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chemical bonding
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crystal bonding molecular structure
Understanding chemical reactions through combustion
Understanding John Dalton's atomic theory of matter
Investigate the magnetlike ionic bond formed when electrons transfer from one atom to another
periodic table Rutherford atomic model Bohr atomic model of a nitrogen atom atomic orbital atomic orbital
For Students
bonding summary
Quizzes
Periodic Table of the elements concept image (chemistry)
Facts You Should Know: The Periodic Table Quiz
A person's hand pouring blue fluid from a flask into a beaker. Chemistry, scientific experiments, science experiments, science demonstrations, scientific demonstrations.
Ins and Outs of Chemistry
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molecule model, element
Molecular Machines: Making for the Future
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12 Novels Considered the “Greatest Book Ever Written”
Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744-1855), founder of the house of Rothschild; lithograph by Friedrich Lieder, c. 1830.
Where Do Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories About the Rothschild Family Come From?
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8 Unusual Punishments Inflicted on Women Throughout History
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Los Angeles Police Department wanted flyer on Elizabeth Short, aka the "Black Dahlia," who was brutally murdered in January 1947. The FBI supported the Los Angeles Police Department in the case, including by identifying Short through her fingerprints that
America’s 5 Most Notorious Cold Cases (Including One You May Have Thought Was Already Solved)

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Videos

Understanding chemical reactions through combustion
Description of chemical reactions.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Understanding John Dalton's atomic theory of matter
John Dalton and the development of the atomic theory.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Investigate the magnetlike ionic bond formed when electrons transfer from one atom to another
Ions—atoms with a positive or negative net charge—bind together to form ionic compounds.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Images

crystal bonding
Different types of bonding in crystals.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
molecular structure
A ball-and-stick model of molecular structure, showing atoms bonded together.
© asiseeit/iStock.com
periodic table
In the periodic table of the elements, there are currently two systems for numbering...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Rutherford atomic model
Physicist Ernest Rutherford envisioned the atom as a miniature solar system, with...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Bohr atomic model of a nitrogen atom
Bohr atomic model of a nitrogen atom. The central nucleus contains the protons and...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
atomic orbital
Figure 2: The spherical boundary surface of an s orbital. This sphere shows...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
atomic orbital
Figure 3: The boundary surfaces of the three p orbitals of a given shell....
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
atomic orbital
Figure 4: The boundary surfaces of the five d orbitals of a given shell,...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Born-Haber cycle
Figure 5: The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of solid sodium chloride from solid...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
nickel arsenide
Figure 6: The crystal structure of nickel arsenide. This type of structure departs...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
diamond
Figure 7: The crystal structure of diamond. Each carbon atom is bonded covalently...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
methane
Figure 8: The structure of methane, CH4. This regular tetrahedral structure...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
electron pairs and molecular shape
VSEPR electron pair arrangements and associated molecular shapes.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
chemical bond
Figure 9: Double bonds. The geometric arrangement of atoms linked by two shared pairs...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
molecular potential energy
Figure 10: A molecular potential energy curve. The strength of the bond is indicated...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
ethylene
Figure 11: The shape of sp2 hybrid orbitals and the...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
benzene
Figure 12: The valence-bond description of a benzene molecule. The sp2...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
molecular orbital energy
Figure 13: A molecular orbital energy-level diagram showing the relative energies...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
molecular orbital energy
Figure 14: The molecular orbital energy-level diagram for diatomic molecules of period-2...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
benzene
Figure 15: The six π molecular orbitals of a benzene molecule and their relative...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
intermolecular potential energy
Figure 16: An intermolecular potential energy curve. The graph shows how the potential...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
hydrogen bond
Figure 17: The linking of atoms in two peptide links by the hydrogen bonds they can...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
crystal field splitting
Figure 18: Crystal field splitting. In an octahedral complex, the d orbitals...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
diborane
Figure 19: The structure of the three-centre, two-electron bond in a B―H―B fragment...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
metal-metal link
Figure 20: The [Re2Cl8]2− ion, with a metal-metal...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
polar covalent bond
In polar covalent bonds, such as that between hydrogen and oxygen atoms, the electrons...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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