CBT treatment uses a variety of techniques meant to correct negative thought patterns, reduce distress in fearful or anxiety-provoking situations, and teach interpersonal skills. An individual’s therapy will include some or all of these depending on the nature of the problem being treated.

Cognitive restructuring involves teaching clients to be more aware of their negative thoughts, to evaluate evidence of the extent to which their thoughts are accurate, and to replace unrealistic thoughts with more-balanced interpretations, predictions, and assumptions. For example, a therapist might instruct clients who believe that they are not well liked to recall times when they were invited by others to socialize, thus helping the clients to see their fears as exaggerated. Monitoring forms are used to help clients to identify and challenge the thoughts that lead to problems with anxiety, depression, anger, and other negative emotions.

Behavioral experiments (also called hypothesis testing) involve testing the validity of the client’s negative assumptions or expectations by conducting an experiment and evaluating the outcome. For example, individuals who are convinced that being the center of attention will lead to horrible consequences might be encouraged to purposely draw attention to themselves (e.g., speaking in public, dropping keys, spilling a glass of water, etc.) to learn that the actual consequences are quite mild.

Exposure is one of the most-powerful methods of overcoming fear. It is used routinely in the treatment of anxiety disorders as well as other problems that include fear as a component (e.g., people with eating disorders who fear eating certain foods). Essentially, clients are encouraged to confront feared objects and situations repeatedly until the fear is no longer a problem. In cases where individuals are fearful of their thoughts (e.g., people with obsessive-compulsive disorder who experience aggressive obsessions; people with post-traumatic stress disorder who constantly try to rid themselves of their traumatic memories), exposure to the feared thoughts and memories can be useful. Similarly, for individuals who are fearful of particular physical symptoms (e.g., people with panic disorder who fear having a racing heart; people with height phobias who fear feeling dizzy in a high place), exposure to the feared physical symptoms can be helpful.

Exposure is most effective when it is predictable, under the client’s control, frequent, and prolonged (ideally, lasting long enough for the fear to decrease). Clients are often encouraged to practice exposure in different locations and contexts and with different types of feared objects. For example, a person who fears dogs might practice being around various breeds of dogs in a variety of locations.

Relaxation-based strategies have been in use since the development of behavioral treatments. They are most frequently used in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and for stress management, but they have also been studied as treatments for other anxiety-based conditions. Common forms of relaxation training include meditation, progressive muscle relaxation (involving a series of tension and relaxation exercises), imagery-based relaxation training, and breathing retraining.

Social and communication skills training involves identifying clients’ particular social skills deficits, then teaching particular strategies for increasing the effectiveness of their social behaviors. Social and communication skills training is often a component of CBT for social anxiety, depression, marital distress, psychotic disorders, and a variety of other problems.

Problem-solving training involves teaching clients a structured, systematic method of solving problems that arise, as an alternative to solving problems impulsively, focusing on the wrong problems, or avoiding dealing with problems altogether (e.g., procrastination). Often, individuals have difficulty solving problems because the problems seem amorphous or vague or because they feel overwhelmed. Problem-solving training helps to get around both of these barriers to the effective resolution of a problem. This strategy has been used to effectively treat a number of psychological problems, including depression.

Because CBT requires that the individuals undergoing therapy understand both the condition for which they are being treated and the proposed treatment techniques, all CBT treatments include a didactic element sometimes called psychoeducation. For example, individuals with anxiety disorders who are being taught to slow down their breathing as a way of relaxing will typically first be taught about the relationship between hyperventilation and anxiety symptoms. Although psychoeducation occurs throughout the treatment, it is often used most extensively during the early sessions and may be supplemented with reading materials, videos, or other educational materials.