pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas, either acute or chronic. The disorder is most commonly caused by excessive intake of alcohol, trauma, and obstruction of pancreatic ducts by gallstones. Inflammation is caused by the escape of pancreatic enzymes into the tissues of the pancreas. These digestive juices cause irritation, with edema (collection of fluid) and congestion of the blood vessels. Occasionally there is infection, bleeding, formation of pus, and necrosis of pancreatic tissue. With recovery, the necrotic areas are replaced with scar tissue.

The onset of pancreatitis may bring severe abdominal or back pain, most acute when the affected person is lying on his or her back. There may be slight fever, nausea, and vomiting, and blood pressure may be somewhat higher than usual. If the attack is severe, the skin may be cold and moist, the pulse feeble and rapid, and the temperature below normal.

Diagnosis is established by blood tests and by scanning the pancreas with ultrasound and computerized axial tomography. Treatment of acute pancreatitis is directed toward control of pain, prevention or alleviation of shock, inhibition of the secretion of pancreatic juices (including eliminating oral intake of food), and avoidance or control of infection. Lost fluids and salts are replaced. If gallstones are the cause of pancreatitis, the gallbladder may be surgically removed in a procedure known as cholecystectomy. Most pancreatitis patients recover fully, but some 10 to 20 percent suffer severe pancreatitis, which frequently is associated with complications, such as hypoxia (lack of oxygen in body tissues), internal bleeding, and kidney failure.

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In chronic pancreatitis, characterized by repeated attacks, much of the pancreas may be destroyed, with resultant deficiency in the amounts of pancreatic juices secreted. Islet cells of the pancreas may also be destroyed, so that the secretion of insulin is depleted and diabetes mellitus develops. Management of this disorder includes a low-fat diet, abstinence from overeating and from intake of alcohol, administration of oral pancreatic enzyme supplements, and control of diabetes if it has developed.