fluid and electrolyte disorder

Any abnormality in these concentrations can produce serious disease; for instance, the normal sodium concentration in the serum (the blood minus its cells and clotting factors) ranges from 136 to 142 milliequivalents per litre, while the normal potassium level in the serum is kept within the…

…neutrality is maintained in body fluids. He found that the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the salt of the acid (bicarbonates) is the only naturally occurring system, with the exception of phosphate solutions, that maintains a neutral acid–base equilibrium. Chemical systems of…

…the total volume of body fluid. During pregnancy between 3,500 and 4,000 millilitres of fluid (about 3.2 to 3.6 quarts) will be added to that already present in the tissues of a healthy woman. The uterus, the placenta, the amniotic fluid, and the fetus each account for approximately equal amounts.…