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Paolo Ruffini

group, in mathematics, set that has a multiplication that is associative [a(bc) = (ab)c for any a, b, c] and that has an identity element and inverses for all elements of the set. Systems obeying the group laws first appeared in 1770 in Joseph-Louis Lagrange’s studies of permutations of roots of equations; however, the word group was first attached to a system of permutations by Évariste Galois in 1831. It was Heinrich Weber, in 1882, who first gave a purely axiomatic description of a group independently of the nature of its elements. Today, groups are fundamental entities in abstract algebra and are of considerable importance in geometry, physics, and chemistry.

This article was most recently revised and updated by William L. Hosch.