…on structural criteria but on kinetic theories, which are based on the nucleation and crystal-growth factors outlined in the section Volume and temperature changes. After considering these factors, the glassmaker generates a time-temperature-transformation (T-T-T) diagram. In this diagram a curve is plotted showing the heat-treatment times that would be required…

…a prominent part of the kinetic theory of gases developed in the third quarter of the 19th century by the physicists James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Rudolf Clausius in explanation of heat phenomena. According to the theory, the temperature of a substance is proportional to the

…of matter, came with the kinetic molecular theory, which stated that matter consisted of particles in constant motion and that this motion was the manifestation of thermal energy. The greater the thermal energy of the particle, the faster it moved.

…by the introduction of the kinetic theory of the plasma state. This theory states that plasma, like gas, consists of particles in random motion, whose interactions can be through long-range electromagnetic forces as well as via collisions. In 1905 the Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz applied the kinetic equation for…

…that of the single particle, kinetic equations of the Boltzmann type are used. Such equations essentially describe the behaviour of those particles about a point in a small-volume element, the particle velocities lying within a small range about a given value. The interactions with all other velocity groups, volume elements,…

…the systematic construction of a kinetic theory of matter in which the physicists Ludwig Boltzmann of Austria and J. Willard Gibbs of the United States were the two leading figures. To this may be added Hendrik Lorentz’s electron theory, which explained in satisfying detail many of the electrical properties of…