petrochemical
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- naphtha
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petrochemical, in the strictest sense, any of a large group of chemicals (as distinct from fuels) derived from petroleum and natural gas and used for a variety of commercial purposes. The definition, however, has been broadened to include the whole range of aliphatic, aromatic, and naphthenic organic chemicals, as well as carbon black and such inorganic materials as sulfur and ammonia. In many instances, a specific chemical included among the petrochemicals may also be obtained from other sources, such as coal, coke, or vegetable products. For example, materials such as benzene and naphthalene can be made from either petroleum or coal, while ethyl alcohol may be of petrochemical or vegetable origin. This makes it difficult to categorize a specific substance as, strictly speaking, petrochemical or nonpetrochemical.
Products made from petrochemicals include such items as plastics, soaps and detergents, solvents, drugs, fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, synthetic fibres and rubbers, paints, epoxy resins, and flooring and insulating materials. Petrochemicals are found in products as diverse as aspirin, luggage, boats, automobiles, aircraft, polyester clothes, and recording discs and tapes.
Like crude oil and natural gas, petrochemicals are composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen and are called hydrocarbons. If, in the molecules, the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, the molecules are said to be saturated. If they are linked by one or more double bonds, the molecules are said to be unsaturated. Unsaturated chemicals are preferred as petrochemical feedstocks because they are more chemically reactive and can more easily be changed into other petrochemicals.
The various components of petroleum used as raw materials in the production of other chemicals are known as feedstocks. Petrochemical feedstocks can be classified into three general groups: olefins, aromatics, and a third group that includes synthesis gas and inorganics. Olefins, whose molecules form straight chains and are unsaturated, include ethylene, propylene, and butadiene. Ethylene is the hydrocarbon feedstock used in greatest volume in the petrochemical industry. From ethylene, for example, are manufactured ethylene glycol, used in polyester fibres and resins and in antifreezes; ethyl alcohol, a solvent and chemical reagent; polyethylene, used in film and plastics; styrene, used in resins, synthetic rubber, plastics, and polyesters; and ethylene dichloride, for vinyl chloride, used in plastics and fibres. Propylene is used in making such products as acrylics, rubbing alcohol, epoxy glue, and carpets. Butadiene is used in making synthetic rubber, carpet fibres, paper coatings, and plastic pipes.
Aromatics are hydrocarbon molecules that form rings and are unsaturated. The major aromatic feedstocks are benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene. Benzene is used to make styrene, the basic ingredient of polystyrene plastics. It is also used to make paints, epoxy resins, glues, and other adhesives. Toluene is used primarily to make solvents, gasoline additives, and explosives. Xylene is used in the manufacture of plastics and synthetic fibres and in the refining of gasoline. Naphthalene is notably used in insecticides.
Synthesis gas is used to make ammonia and methanol. Ammonia is used primarily to form ammonium nitrate, a source of fertilizer. Much of the methanol produced is used in making formaldehyde. The rest is used to make polyester fibres, plastics, and silicone rubber.
The petrochemical industry received its chief impetus in 1913 from the development of the thermal-cracking process by which crude petroleum was refined. The process yielded gaseous by-products that were at first used only as illuminating gas or as fuel but were found useful as chemical raw materials in the 1920s and ’30s. The introduction of catalytic cracking in 1937 and increased supplies of natural gas brought further expansion of the industry.
