regression

regression, in psychology, return of the ego to an earlier stage of development. Regression is considered a type of defense mechanism, uniquely characterized by age-inappropriate behaviours and impulses that typically manifest as a way of communicating distress. It may be involuntary, in which case individuals regress unconsciously, or voluntary, in which case individuals choose to regress, and it can be temporary or long-term. Regression is thought to be a coping mechanism of choice for some individuals because it allows them to mentally revert to an age when they felt comforted, safe, and secure.

Regression is a normal psychological response in childhood. It is often triggered in children by fear, frustration, stress, trauma, or unmet needs. Such stressors target emotional centres in the brain, causing the affected child to become anxious and reactive. Signs of regression in children can include increased attachment to a parent or other caregiver, crying, bed-wetting, disrupted sleep, temper tantrums, reversion to “baby talk,” and separation anxiety. Regression can also occur in adulthood, particularly as a way of coping with anger, fear, or insecurity. In such instances, the affected individual may be unable to engage in adult conversation, may become aggressive toward others, may wear children’s clothing, and may exhibit childlike behaviours (e.g., thumb-sucking, hugging a favourite stuffed animal, and playing with toys).

Regression is also associated with certain neurological conditions and mental illnesses, particularly dementia, mood disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia. In such cases, regression is involuntary and may be persistent. Signs include curling into the fetal position, becoming mute, pacing, rocking, and having emotional outbursts. In hospitalized patients who are stressed, regression often manifests as agitation.

Therapy is aimed at removing the underlying cause of regression or addressing unmet needs that may be precipitating episodes of it. Behavioral interventions may be necessary for altering or correcting maladaptive defense responses, especially aggression and emotional outbursts. Some patients may benefit from regressive hypnosis therapy, in which they revisit painful memories through hypnosis in order to help them confront and overcome negative or traumatic experiences from the past.