Robotic procedures

Various robotic procedures have applications in medicine. Robots, for example, are commonly used in prostate cancer surgery. In cardiothoracic surgery robotic instrumentation can be employed for three main types of operations: endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting, mitral valve repair, and atrial septal defect repair. In general surgery, robots are used for liver resection, pancreatectomy (removal or all or part of the pancreas), and liver transplant. Robots are also used for bariatric surgery (they have been credited with decreasing the length of a hospital stay, the recovery time, and the complication rates), as well as for bowel resection, esophageal fundoplication (in which the fundus of the stomach is sewn around the esophagus), and cholecystectomy. In gynecology, robotic surgery is commonly used for procedures such as hysterectomy and fibroid removal. Other robotic procedures include those for sleep apnea surgery, various pediatric surgeries, and renal cancer operations and transplants.

Coupling with imaging guidance

The coupling of robotic surgical systems with image guidance and navigations systems offers the possibility of minimally invasive surgery in areas in which visualization traditionally has been difficult. Such robotic systems include those that function within operating rooms equipped with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners and that interact with optical and electromagnetic navigation systems. Systems capable of using infrared or ultraviolet light sources that allow structures to fluoresce and aid in navigation have also been explored. Different energy sources coupled to the robot, such as fiberoptically delivered lasers and ultrasonic vibratory devices, enable further interaction with multiple tissue types and selective destruction and preservation of tissues.

In the early 21st century, the miniaturization of cameras and the development of relatively small robotic systems promised to enable deep-tissue procedures and surgical exploration through natural body orifices. The development of haptics (tactile feedback technology) in robotic surgical systems was likely to improve precision. The realization of those goals was expected to allow for even less invasion in already minimally invasive procedures and therefore elicit less stress on the patient. Such advances, however, were limited by high costs associated with research and development and use in health care settings.