György Klapka was a soldier and Hungarian nationalist, one of the leaders in the revolutionary war of 1848–49. Klapka entered the Austrian army in 1838, but on the formation of a Hungarian national force in the spring of 1848, he at once joined it. His energy and ability won him rapid promotion, to

Mulhouse: A reproduction of the Klapperstein, the evil gossips’ stone, hangs on the southwest facade; the original Klapperstein, now in the historical museum, is a stone weighing more than 25 pounds (12 kg), which was hung around the necks of malicious prattlers on fair days, a practice that persisted until…

Julius Heinrich Klaproth was a German Orientalist and explorer whose major work, Asia polyglotta nebst Sprachatlas (1823; “Asia Polyglotta with Language Atlas”), is one of the important early surveys of Oriental languages, notably the Caucasian languages, and is the only source of information on

Julius Heinrich Klaproth was a German Orientalist and explorer whose major work, Asia polyglotta nebst Sprachatlas (1823; “Asia Polyglotta with Language Atlas”), is one of the important early surveys of Oriental languages, notably the Caucasian languages, and is the only source of information on

Martin Heinrich Klaproth was a German chemist who discovered uranium (1789), zirconium (1789), and cerium (1803). He described them as distinct elements, though he did not obtain them in the pure metallic state. Klaproth was an apothecary for many years, but his own study of chemistry enabled him

Sweden: Drainage: The longest, however, is the Klar-Göta River, which rises in Norway and flows 447 miles (719 km), reaching Lake Väner (Vänern) and continuing southward out of the lake’s southern end to the North Sea; along its southernmost course are the famous falls of Trollhättan. The Muonio and Torne rivers form…

Kazuo Ishiguro: His next novel, Klara and the Sun (2021), is set in the near future and centres on a droid who serves as an “Artificial Friend” to a lonely child.

clarinet, single-reed woodwind instrument used orchestrally and in military and brass bands and possessing a distinguished solo repertory. It is usually made of African blackwood and has a cylindrical bore of about 0.6 inch (1.5 cm) terminating in a flared bell. All-metal instruments are made but

Beate and Serge Klarsfeld are a wife-and-husband team resident in Paris, internationally noted for their anti-Nazi and pro-Israel activities. Beate Kunzel, born a German Protestant, quit her secretarial job in Berlin at age 21, moved to Paris to study French, and met Serge Klarsfeld, whom she

Beate and Serge Klarsfeld: Beate Kunzel, born a German Protestant, quit her secretarial job in Berlin at age 21, moved to Paris to study French, and met Serge Klarsfeld, whom she married in 1963. Serge, a French Jew, had suffered under the Nazis—he, his mother, and his sister having…

Beate and Serge Klarsfeld: …to study French, and met Serge Klarsfeld, whom she married in 1963. Serge, a French Jew, had suffered under the Nazis—he, his mother, and his sister having hidden from the Gestapo in Nice in 1943 as his father was arrested, eventually to disappear in the death camp of Auschwitz. Serge…

Gertrude Lawrence was an English actress noted for her performances in Noël Coward’s sophisticated comedies and in musicals. Lawrence was the daughter of music hall performers, and from an early age she was trained to follow their career. She made her stage debut in December 1908 in a pantomime

Klasies, site of paleoanthropological excavations carried out since the late 1960s within a complex of South African coastal caves. Usually referred to as Klasies River Mouth, the site has yielded some of the oldest evidence of Homo sapiens. Discoveries made at Klasies have figured prominently in

Klasies, site of paleoanthropological excavations carried out since the late 1960s within a complex of South African coastal caves. Usually referred to as Klasies River Mouth, the site has yielded some of the oldest evidence of Homo sapiens. Discoveries made at Klasies have figured prominently in

Klasies, site of paleoanthropological excavations carried out since the late 1960s within a complex of South African coastal caves. Usually referred to as Klasies River Mouth, the site has yielded some of the oldest evidence of Homo sapiens. Discoveries made at Klasies have figured prominently in

Cindy Klassen is a Canadian speed skater who captured five medals at the 2006 Winter Games in Turin, Italy, the most won by a Canadian athlete at a single Olympics. Klassen was attracted to sports at an early age and quickly developed into one of Canada’s most versatile athletes. She competed in

Wilhelm Ostwald: Other notable activities of Wilhelm Ostwald: …science papers in his series Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften (“Classics of the Exact Sciences”), with more than 40 books published during the first four years. The history of chemistry, already part of his textbooks for educational reasons, became a subject of its own in many further books. He also published…

Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion: The Klau Library at Cincinnati has one of the most extensive compilations of Hebraica and Judaica in the United States, including outstanding collections on Benedict de Spinoza, Jewish sacred music, and Jewish Americana. The Hebrew Union College Museum (now Skirball Museum) was established in 1913. HUC-JIR’s…

Saint Nicholas of Flüe ; canonized 1947; feast day in Switzerland September 25, elsewhere March 21) was a hermit, popular saint, and Swiss folk hero. His intervention in a conflict between cantonal factions over the admission of Fribourg and Solothurn to the Swiss Confederation led to the agreement

Saint Nicholas of Flüe ; canonized 1947; feast day in Switzerland September 25, elsewhere March 21) was a hermit, popular saint, and Swiss folk hero. His intervention in a conflict between cantonal factions over the admission of Fribourg and Solothurn to the Swiss Confederation led to the agreement

Saint Nicholas of Flüe ; canonized 1947; feast day in Switzerland September 25, elsewhere March 21) was a hermit, popular saint, and Swiss folk hero. His intervention in a conflict between cantonal factions over the admission of Fribourg and Solothurn to the Swiss Confederation led to the agreement

Karl Karlovich Klaus was a Russian chemist (of German origin) credited with the discovery of ruthenium in 1844. Klaus was educated at Dorpat, where he became a pharmacist; later he taught chemistry and pharmacy at the universities of Dorpat and Kazan. Klaus was noted for his researches on the

Václav Klaus is a Czech economist and politician who served as prime minister (1993–97) and president (2003–13) of the Czech Republic. Klaus graduated from the University of Economics in Prague in 1963. He was a research worker at the Institute of Economics of the Czech Academy of Sciences in 1968

metalwork: Germany and the Low Countries: …was cast by Martin and Georg von Klausenberg, did not set a trend, though rich figure decoration is often found on large fonts dating from the 13th to the 15th century. Engraved tombstones and entire tombs based on earlier traditions continued to be made until the late Gothic era (the…

metalwork: Germany and the Low Countries: …Prague, which was cast by Martin and Georg von Klausenberg, did not set a trend, though rich figure decoration is often found on large fonts dating from the 13th to the 15th century. Engraved tombstones and entire tombs based on earlier traditions continued to be made until the late Gothic…

Cluj-Napoca, city, capital of Cluj județ (county), northwestern Romania. The historic capital of Transylvania, it is approximately 200 mi (320 km) northwest of Bucharest in the Someșul Mic River valley. The city stands on the site of an ancient Dacian settlement, Napoca, which the Romans made a

Amos Oz was an Israeli novelist, short-story writer, and essayist in whose works Israeli society is unapologetically scrutinized. Oz was educated at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and at the University of Oxford. He served in the Israeli army (1957–60, 1967, and 1973). After the Six-Day War in

piano, a keyboard musical instrument having wire strings that sound when struck by felt-covered hammers operated from a keyboard. The standard modern piano contains 88 keys and has a compass of seven full octaves plus a few keys. The vibration of the strings is transmitted to a soundboard by means

clavier, any stringed keyboard musical instrument in Germany from the late 17th century. The harpsichord, the clavichord, and, later, the piano bore the name. The Anglicized form of the name is often used in English discussions of such instruments in German music. It is also used in place of

Elfriede Jelinek: …semiautobiographical novel Die Klavierspielerin (1983; The Piano Teacher, 1988) addressed issues of sexual repression; it was adapted for the screen in 2001. In her writings, Jelinek rejected the conventions of traditional literary technique in favour of linguistic and thematic experimentation.

aleatory music: …Cage, and Klavierstück XI (1956; Keyboard Piece XI), by Karlheinz Stockhausen of Germany.

Kle, town, western Liberia. It is a traditional trading centre among the Gola people. The B.F. Goodrich Company, Liberia, Inc., established a plantation, hospital, power plant, housing, schools, and roads to the west of the town, which began producing rubber in 1963. Pop. (2008)

Kle, town, western Liberia. It is a traditional trading centre among the Gola people. The B.F. Goodrich Company, Liberia, Inc., established a plantation, hospital, power plant, housing, schools, and roads to the west of the town, which began producing rubber in 1963. Pop. (2008)

Jean-Baptiste Kléber was a French general of the Revolutionary wars who suppressed the counterrevolutionary uprising in the Vendée area of western France in 1793. He later played a prominent role in Napoleon Bonaparte’s Egyptian campaign (1798–1800). The son of a mason, Kléber was an officer in the

Edwin Klebs was a German physician and bacteriologist noted for his work on the bacterial theory of infection. With Friedrich August Johannes Löffler in 1884, he discovered the diphtheria bacillus, known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus. Klebs was assistant to Rudolf Virchow at the Pathological

diphtheria: …disease caused by the bacillus Corynebacterium diphtheriae and characterized by a primary lesion, usually in the upper respiratory tract, and more generalized symptoms resulting from the spread of the bacterial toxin throughout the body. Diphtheria was a serious contagious disease throughout much of the world until the late 19th century,…

klebsiella, (genus Klebsiella), any of a group of rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Klebsiella organisms are categorized microbiologically as gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, nonmotile bacteria. Klebsiella organisms occur in soil and water and on plants, and some strains

klebsiella: Klebsiella pneumoniae, also called Friedländer’s bacillus, was first described in 1882 by German microbiologist and pathologist Carl Friedländer. K. pneumoniae is best known as a pathogen of the human respiratory system that causes pneumonia. The disease is usually seen only in patients with underlying medical…

klebsiella: oxytoca and K. planticola, which along with K. pneumoniae can cause human urinary tract and wound infections. K. planticola and certain strains of K. pneumoniae have been isolated from the roots of plants such as wheat, rice, and corn (maize), where they act as nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

klebsiella: Klebsiella pneumoniae, also called Friedländer’s bacillus, was first described in 1882 by German microbiologist and pathologist Carl Friedländer. K. pneumoniae is best known as a pathogen of the human respiratory system that causes pneumonia. The disease is usually seen only in patients with underlying medical…

klebsiella: K. variicola, which was discovered in 2004, also occurs on various plants, including rice, banana, and sugarcane. This species of bacteria has also been isolated from hospital settings, where it may act as an opportunistic pathogen, similar to other klebsiella organisms.

Paul Klee was a Swiss-German painter and draftsman who was one of the foremost artists of the 20th century. Klee’s mother, née Ida Maria Frick of Basel, and his German-born father, Hans Klee, were both trained as musicians. By Swiss law, Paul Klee held his father’s nationality; late in life he

Kleve, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies northwest of Düsseldorf, less than 5 miles (8 km) south of the Dutch border. It is connected with the Rhine River by a canal. The seat of the counts of Cleves from the 11th century, it was chartered in 1242. The county

Wisconsin: Constitutional framework: Rebecca Kleefisch, and four state senators. The governor and lieutenant governor escaped recall, and three of the four senate seats were retained by Republicans. One senate seat, however, was narrowly won by the Democratic challenger; this changed the balance of power in the senate to…

Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann is a German speed skater who dominated the sport throughout the 1990s, capturing eight world championships and eight Olympic medals. She left home for a sports school when she was 12 years old, originally playing volleyball but soon taking up athletics (track and field).

Stephen Cole Kleene was an American mathematician and logician whose work on recursion theory helped lay the foundations of theoretical computer science. Kleene was educated at Amherst College (A.B., 1930) and earned a Ph.D. in mathematics at Princeton University in 1934. After teaching briefly at

allometry: …well-known example of scaling (Kleiber’s law): metabolic rate scales as the 34 power of body mass.

Erich Kleiber was an Austrian conductor who performed many 20th-century works but was especially known for his performances of works by W.A. Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Richard Wagner, and Richard Strauss and for his fidelity to composers’ intentions. Kleiber studied in Prague and between 1912

Helmut Käutner: …as Kleider machen Leute (1940; “Clothes Make the Man”), the tale of a humble tailor mistaken for a Russian prince, and Auf Wiedersehen, Franziska! (1941; “Goodbye, Franziska!”), which concerns the marital troubles between a reporter and his neglected wife. When the authorities forced Käutner to add an illogical upbeat ending…

Brandenburg Gate: …the late 1990s by architect Josef Paul Kleihues to replace the pavilions that were destroyed during World War II. The gate is decorated with reliefs and sculptures designed by Gottfried Schadow, the majority of them based on the exploits of Heracles. In 1793 a quadriga statue depicting the goddess of…

Klein bottle, topological space, named for the German mathematician Felix Klein, obtained by identifying two ends of a cylindrical surface in the direction opposite that is necessary to obtain a torus. The surface is not constructible in three-dimensional Euclidean space but has interesting

Little Karoo, intermontane plateau basin in Western Cape province, South Africa, lying between the east-west oriented Groot-Swart Mountains (north), the Lange Mountains (southwest), and the Outeniqua Mountains (southeast), with the discontinuous Kammanassie Mountains running between those ranges.

graphene: The electronic structure of graphene: An example is the Klein paradox, in which ultra-relativistic quantum particles, contrary to intuition, penetrate easily through very high and broad energy barriers. Thus, graphene provides a bridge between materials science and some areas of fundamental physics, such as relativistic quantum mechanics.

Silesian Wars: …Silesia by the Truce of Klein Schnellendorf (Oct. 9, 1741). After further warfare from December 1741 to June 1742, the empress Maria Theresa of Austria decided to make peace with Frederick, ceding in the Treaty of Breslau (June 11, 1742) all of Silesia except the districts of Troppau, Teschen, and…

A.M. Klein was a Canadian poet whose verse reflects his strong involvement with Jewish culture and history. He was a member of the Montreal group, a coterie of poets who, influenced by the poets T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound and the novelist James Joyce, broke with the tradition of sentimental nature

A.M. Klein was a Canadian poet whose verse reflects his strong involvement with Jewish culture and history. He was a member of the Montreal group, a coterie of poets who, influenced by the poets T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound and the novelist James Joyce, broke with the tradition of sentimental nature

Donna Karan: …began working for sportswear designer Anne Klein, and it was around this time that she married boutique owner Mark Karan and took his name. The couple divorced in 1978.

Calvin Klein is an American fashion designer noted for his womenswear, menswear, jeans, cosmetics and perfumes, bed and bath linens, and other collections. Klein studied at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City and, after graduating in 1962, went to work as an apprentice designer for

Calvin Klein is an American fashion designer noted for his womenswear, menswear, jeans, cosmetics and perfumes, bed and bath linens, and other collections. Klein studied at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City and, after graduating in 1962, went to work as an apprentice designer for

Carole King is an American songwriter and singer (alto) who composed a string of hit songs in the 1960s and ’70s and was one of the most prolific female musicians in the history of pop music. King’s mother, Eugenia Gingold, an actress and theater critic, was the source of her early music education.

Carole King is an American songwriter and singer (alto) who composed a string of hit songs in the 1960s and ’70s and was one of the most prolific female musicians in the history of pop music. King’s mother, Eugenia Gingold, an actress and theater critic, was the source of her early music education.

Novembergruppe: …1918 by Max Pechstein and César Klein.

Felix Klein was a German mathematician whose unified view of geometry as the study of the properties of a space that are invariant under a given group of transformations, known as the Erlanger Programm, profoundly influenced mathematical developments. As a student at the University of Bonn (Ph.D.,

Felix Klein was a German mathematician whose unified view of geometry as the study of the properties of a space that are invariant under a given group of transformations, known as the Erlanger Programm, profoundly influenced mathematical developments. As a student at the University of Bonn (Ph.D.,

George S. Klein was an American psychologist and psychoanalyst best known for his research in perception and psychoanalytic theory. Klein received a B.A. from the City College of New York in 1938 and a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University in 1942. During the next four years he served in the

George S. Klein was an American psychologist and psychoanalyst best known for his research in perception and psychoanalytic theory. Klein received a B.A. from the City College of New York in 1938 and a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University in 1942. During the next four years he served in the

Lawrence R. Klein was an American economist whose work in developing macroeconometric models for national, regional, and world economies won him the 1980 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. After graduating from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1942, Klein studied under economist Paul

Lawrence R. Klein was an American economist whose work in developing macroeconometric models for national, regional, and world economies won him the 1980 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. After graduating from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1942, Klein studied under economist Paul

Martin Klein and Alfred Asikainen: The Match That Wouldn’t End: No one is quite certain why the Estonian Greco-Roman wrestler Martin Klein, who had competed in several international events under his nation’s flag, chose to appear at the 1912 Olympic Games wearing the uniform of tsarist Russia. It was a choice that may have stirred…

Melanie Klein was an Austrian-born British psychoanalyst known for her work with young children, in which observations of free play provided insights into the child’s unconscious fantasy life, enabling her to psychoanalyze children as young as two or three years of age. The youngest child of a

Naomi Klein is a Canadian author and activist whose debut book, No Logo (2000), made her one of the most prominent voices in the anti-globalization movement. Klein was born to a politically active family. Her grandfather, an animator for Disney, was fired and blacklisted for attempting to organize

brane: … in 1919 and Swedish physicist Oskar Klein in 1925 proposed a four-dimensional spatial theory, after Einstein’s discovery of general relativity in 1916. In general relativity, gravity arises from the shape of spacetime. Kaluza and Klein showed that with additional dimensions, other forces such as electromagnetism could arise in the same…

Robert Klein is an American comedian, actor, and singer who, along with Richard Pryor and George Carlin, transformed the art of stand-up comedy in the 1970s. The grandson of Hungarian Jewish immigrants on both sides of his family, Klein and his elder sister grew up “vertically” in an apartment in

street photography: After World War II: …the late 1940s and ’50s, William Klein, Lisette Model, Helen Levitt, Roy DeCarava, and Robert Frank were making careers of documenting American culture. The photographs they took were provocative and often contained vulgar or unaesthetic subject matter. Levitt,

Yves Klein was a French artist associated with the Parisian Nouveau Réalisme movement championed by the French critic Pierre Restany. The only painter in the founding group, Klein was a highly influential artist whose radical techniques and conceptual gestures laid the groundwork for much of the

non-Euclidean geometry: Hyperbolic geometry: In the Klein-Beltrami model (shown in the figure, top left), the hyperbolic surface is mapped to the interior of a circle, with geodesics in the hyperbolic surface corresponding to chords in the circle. Thus, the Klein-Beltrami model preserves “straightness” but at the cost of distorting angles. About…

radiation: Cross section and Compton scattering: The Klein–Nishina formula shows almost symmetrical scattering for low-energy photons about 90° to the beam direction. As the photon energy increases, the scattering becomes predominantly peaked in the forward direction, and, for photons with energies that are greater than five times the rest energy of the…

Basel: Kleinbasel, to the north, is the Rhine port and industrial section, with the buildings of the annual Swiss Industries Fair. Grossbasel, the older commercial and cultural center on the south bank, is dominated by the Romanesque and Gothic-style Münster (Protestant); consecrated in 1019, it was…

Austria: Revolution and counterrevolution, 1848–59: …exclusion of Austria altogether (the Kleindeutsch, or small German, position). Implicit in the latter position was that the new Germany would be greatly influenced if not dominated by Prussia, by far the most important German state next to Austria. In October 1848 the delegates agreed to invite the Austrian German…

Thomas Mann: Early literary endeavours: His early tales, collected as Der kleine Herr Friedemann (1898), reflect the aestheticism of the 1890s but are given depth by the influence of the philosophers Schopenhauer and Nietzsche and the composer Wagner, to all of whom Mann was always to acknowledge a deep, if ambiguous, debt. Most of Mann’s…

Heinrich Mann: …is Die kleine Stadt (1909; The Little Town).

sleep: Hypersomnia of central origin: …disorder of periodically excessive sleep, Kleine-Levin syndrome, is characterized by periods of excessive sleep lasting days to weeks, along with a ravenous appetite, hypersexuality, and psychotic-like behaviour during the few waking hours. The syndrome typically begins during adolescence, appears to occur more frequently in males than in females, and eventually…

Bertolt Brecht: …most important theoretical work, the Kleines Organon für das Theater (1949; “A Little Organum for the Theatre”). The essence of his theory of drama, as revealed in this work, is the idea that a truly Marxist drama must avoid the Aristotelian premise that the audience should be made to believe…

Kleinmeister, group of engravers, working mostly in Nürnberg in the second quarter of the 16th century, whose forms and subjects were influenced by the works of Albrecht Dürer. Their engravings were small and thus easily portable. Usually flawless in technique, they stressed topical, didactic,

Leonard Kleinrock is an American computer scientist who developed the mathematical theory behind packet switching and who sent the first message between two computers on a network that was a precursor of the Internet. Kleinrock received a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from the City

Eskimo-Aleut languages: Alphabets and orthography: In 1851 Samuel Kleinschmidt, a German missionary of the Moravian Brethren, systematized the Greenlandic orthography, introducing a special letter and three accents to represent the distinctive sounds of the language. In 1973 the Kleinschmidt orthography was replaced by an orthography in the current Roman alphabet. Numerous publications…

Grease: Production and casting: Grease was directed by Randal Kleiser and filmed during 15 weeks in the summer of 1977 with a $6 million budget. In a 2023 article in The Guardian, actor Kelly Ward, who played T-Bird Putzie, remembered shooting the film as “a summer-long party.” Henry Winkler, who played Fonzie on…

Heinrich von Kleist was a German dramatist, among the greatest of the 19th century. Poets of the Realist, Expressionist, Nationalist, and Existentialist movements in France and Germany saw their prototype in Kleist, a poet whose demonic genius had foreseen modern problems of life and literature.

E. Georg von Kleist was a German administrator and cleric who discovered (1745) the Leyden jar, a fundamental electric circuit element for storing electricity, now usually referred to as a capacitor. The device was independently discovered at about the same time by Pieter van Musschenbroek, who

Ewald Christian von Kleist was a German lyric poet best known for his long poem Der Frühling, which, with its realistically observed details of nature, contributed to the development of a new poetic style. Brought up by Jesuits, he studied law and mathematics and then became an army officer, first

E. Georg von Kleist was a German administrator and cleric who discovered (1745) the Leyden jar, a fundamental electric circuit element for storing electricity, now usually referred to as a capacitor. The device was independently discovered at about the same time by Pieter van Musschenbroek, who

Heinrich von Kleist was a German dramatist, among the greatest of the 19th century. Poets of the Realist, Expressionist, Nationalist, and Existentialist movements in France and Germany saw their prototype in Kleist, a poet whose demonic genius had foreseen modern problems of life and literature.

Greenland: History of Greenland: …the vote, and party leader Kuupik Kleist worked quickly to form a coalition government prior to the expansion of home rule later that month.

Paul Ludwig von Kleist was a German general during World War II. Educated in a German military school, he served as a lieutenant of hussars and a regimental commander in World War I. After the Armistice, he served in various high staff appointments before being retired in 1939. He was recalled to

Kleitias was an Athenian vase painter and potter, one of the most outstanding masters of the Archaic period, the artist of the decorations on the François Vase. This vase, a volute krater painted in the black-figure style, is among the greatest treasures of Greek art. Dating from c. 570 bce, it was

Bill Klem was an American professional baseball umpire of the National League who is considered by many the greatest umpire of all time. Klem is credited with the introduction of hand and arm signals to indicate calls of pitched balls and strikes and foul and fair batted balls. He was also famous

Bill Klem was an American professional baseball umpire of the National League who is considered by many the greatest umpire of all time. Klem is credited with the introduction of hand and arm signals to indicate calls of pitched balls and strikes and foul and fair batted balls. He was also famous

Saint Clement Mary Hofbauer was canonized on May 20, 1909; his feast day is March 15 and he is the patron saint of Vienna. The son of a butcher, Hofbauer worked as a butcher until 1780. Educated at Vienna University and ordained in 1785, he was authorized to establish Redemptorist monasteries in

Gustav Friedrich Klemm was a German anthropologist who developed the concept of culture and is thought to have influenced the prominent English anthropologist Sir Edward Burnett Tylor. Klemm spent most of his life as director of the royal library at Dresden. Distinguishing three stages of cultural

ECKANKAR: …1981 passed his authority to Harold Klemp. Shortly after Klemp assumed authority, religious studies scholar David Christopher Lane charged that Twitchell had falsified much of his account of the origin of ECK. Klemp later acknowledged some truth in Lane’s accusations but asserted that the essential truth of ECK was unaffected.…