Jim Carrey: …office—Carrey scored a hit with Liar Liar (1997). In that film he played a fast-talking lawyer forced—by a magic spell invoked by his young son’s birthday wish—to tell the truth for one day. Carrey received Golden Globes for his work in The Truman Show (1998), a tale of a man…

liar paradox, paradox derived from the statement attributed to the Cretan prophet Epimenides (6th century bce) that all Cretans are liars. If Epimenides’ statement is taken to imply that all statements made by Cretans are false, then, since Epimenides was a Cretan, his statement is false (i.e., not

Mary Gordon: …Rest of Life (1993) and The Liar’s Wife (2014) are collections of novellas. Among Gordon’s works of nonfiction are Spiritual Quests: The Art and Craft of Religious Writing (1988) and Good Boys and Dead Girls and Other Essays (1991). She also wrote the memoirs The Shadow Man (1996), Seeing Through…

Pierre Corneille: Contribution to comedy. of Pierre Corneille: …successfully turned to comedy with Le Menteur (The Liar), following it with the less successful La Suite du Menteur (performed 1645; Sequel to the Liar). Both were lively comedies of intrigue, adapted from Spanish models; and Le Menteur is the one outstanding French comedy before the plays of Molière, Corneille’s…

Carlo Goldoni: …Venetian dialect; Il bugiardo (The Liar, 1922), written in commedia dell’arte style; and Il vero amico (“The True Friend”), an Italian comedy of manners.

Liard River, river in northwestern Canada. It rises in the Saint Cyr Range of the Pelly Mountains, Yukon, and flows southeast into British Columbia, then northeast to join the Mackenzie River at Fort Simpson in the Northwest Territories, after a course of 693 miles (1,115 km). Its upper course is

Liatris, genus of perennial herbs of the family Asteraceae, containing approximately 40 species, native to North America. They have tall spikelike clusters of purple or pinkish purple flower heads that are surrounded by many scaly bracts (leaflike structures). Their long thin leaves alternate along

Liatris: …button snakeroot, gay feather, and blazing star.

Leitrim, county in the province of Connaught (Connacht), northwestern Ireland. It is bounded by Northern Ireland (east) and by Counties Donegal (north), Cavan (east), Longford (south), and Roscommon and Sligo (west). The western boundary follows the River Shannon, on which boats can ascend to

African literature: Ethiopian: Taddasa Liban wrote short stories that examine the relationship between the old and the new in Ethiopian society. Asras Asfa Wasan wrote poetry and historical novels about political events, including the military coup attempted against Emperor Haile Selassie I in December 1960. Writers such as…

Lebanon: Greek and Roman periods: … (Maritima), basically ancient Phoenicia; and Phoenice Secunda (Libanesia), an area extending to Mount Lebanon on the west and deep into the Syrian Desert on the east. Phoenice Secunda included the cities of Emesa (its capital), Heliopolis, Damascus, and Palmyra.

Libanius was a Greek Sophist and rhetorician whose orations and letters are a major source of information on the political, social, and economic life of Antioch and of the eastern part of the Roman Empire in the 4th century. After beginning his teaching career in Constantinople and Nicomedia,

libation, act of pouring a liquid (frequently wine, but sometimes milk or other fluids) as a sacrifice to a

Libation Bearers, play by Aeschylus, second in the trilogy known as the

Liepāja, city and port, Latvia, on the west (Baltic Sea) coast at the northern end of Lake Liepāja. First recorded in 1253, when it was a small Kurish settlement, Liepāja was the site of a fortress built by the knights of the Teutonic Order in 1263. It was created a town in 1625, and in 1697–1703 a

Andreas Libavius was a German chemist, physician, and alchemist who made important chemical discoveries but is most noted as the author of the first modern chemistry textbook. Libavius was professor of history and poetry at the University of Jena from 1586 to 1591 and then became town physician and

Liepāja, city and port, Latvia, on the west (Baltic Sea) coast at the northern end of Lake Liepāja. First recorded in 1253, when it was a small Kurish settlement, Liepāja was the site of a fortress built by the knights of the Teutonic Order in 1263. It was created a town in 1625, and in 1697–1703 a

Andreas Libavius was a German chemist, physician, and alchemist who made important chemical discoveries but is most noted as the author of the first modern chemistry textbook. Libavius was professor of history and poetry at the University of Jena from 1586 to 1591 and then became town physician and

Ethiopian literature: …of which the first was Libb wallad tarik (1908; “Imaginative Story”) by Afeworq Gabre-Eyesus. During the regency of Ras Tafari (1916–20; afterward Emperor Haile Selassie I), Hiruy Walde Selassie (d. 1938) became the leading Amharic writer, especially notable for allegorical compositions such as Wadaje lebbe (“My Heart as My Friend”).

Ethiopian literature: …of which the first was Libb wallad tarik (1908; “Imaginative Story”) by Afeworq Gabre-Eyesus. During the regency of Ras Tafari (1916–20; afterward Emperor Haile Selassie I), Hiruy Walde Selassie (d. 1938) became the leading Amharic writer, especially notable for allegorical compositions such as Wadaje lebbe (“My Heart as My Friend”).

Libbey Inc., American glass company that is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of glass tableware. Its headquarters are in Toledo, Ohio. Libbey was originally founded in 1818 as the New England Glass Company, in East Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company made a large variety of wares ranging

Libbey Inc., American glass company that is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of glass tableware. Its headquarters are in Toledo, Ohio. Libbey was originally founded in 1818 as the New England Glass Company, in East Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company made a large variety of wares ranging

George W. Bush: The Plame affair: …2007 Cheney’s chief of staff, I. Lewis (“Scooter”) Libby, was convicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice in connection with an investigation into the leak of the identity of a covert CIA agent in 2003. The agent, Valerie Plame, was the wife of Joseph C. Wilson, a retired…

George W. Bush: The Plame affair: …2007 Cheney’s chief of staff, I. Lewis (“Scooter”) Libby, was convicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice in connection with an investigation into the leak of the identity of a covert CIA agent in 2003. The agent, Valerie Plame, was the wife of Joseph C. Wilson, a retired…

Willard Frank Libby was an American chemist whose technique of carbon-14 (or radiocarbon) dating provided an extremely valuable tool for archaeologists, anthropologists, and earth scientists. For this development he was honoured with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1960. Libby, the son of farmer

defamation: Libel and slander are the legal subcategories of defamation. Generally speaking, libel is defamation in written words, pictures, or any other visual symbols in a print or electronic medium. Slander is spoken defamation. The advent of early broadcast communications (radio and television) in the 20th…

history of publishing: Decline of censorship: …in 1792, Charles James Fox’s Libel Act finally gave the jury the right to decide the issue, which had previously depended mainly on the judge. Subsequent efforts to suppress printed matter have centred on questions of libel, obscenity, or national security.

English literature: Political verse: Of particular interest is the Libel of English Policy (c. 1436) on another typically English theme of a related kind: “Cherish merchandise, keep the admiralty, / That we be masters of the narrow sea.”

Jack Conway: Heyday of the 1930s: Libeled Lady (1936) was one of the best comedies of the decade, a cleverly plotted romp with Harlow, Spencer Tracy, William Powell, and Myrna Loy all in peak form. It received an Oscar nomination for best picture, and Conway was praised for his agile direction.

Italy: Socioeconomic developments in the countryside: …their surviving written contracts (libelli). Money rents were more flexible and could better survive the fragmentation of property between coheirs or its alienation in bits to others, both practices being very common in Italy. It should be stressed that tenants’ ability to pay in coin demonstrates that by this…

history of logic: Late medieval logic: …been gathered under the title Libelli sophistarum (“Little Books for Arguers”)—one collection for Oxford and a second for Cambridge; both were printed in early editions. Among the notable logicians of this period are Henry Hopton (flourished 1357), John Wycliffe (c. 1330–84), Richard Lavenham (died after 1399), Ralph Strode (flourished c.…

Italy: Socioeconomic developments in the countryside: …their surviving written contracts (libelli). Money rents were more flexible and could better survive the fragmentation of property between coheirs or its alienation in bits to others, both practices being very common in Italy. It should be stressed that tenants’ ability to pay in coin demonstrates that by this…

Christianity: The Middle Ages: …in his popular and influential Epistola ad Gerbergam reginam de ortu et tempore Antichristi (“Letter to Queen Gerberga on the Place and Time of Antichrist”), a mirror image in the negative of the lives of Jesus and the saints. Adso’s treatise became the standard account of the life of the…

Ari Thorgilsson the Learned: …historian whose Íslendingabók (Libellus Islandorum; The Book of the Icelanders) is the first history of Iceland written in the vernacular. Composed before 1133 and covering the period from the settlement of Iceland up to 1120, it includes information on the founding of the Althing (parliament) and on the settlement of…

Utopia, book by Thomas More, published in 1516. Derived from the Greek for “no place” (ou topos) and coined by More, the word utopia refers to an imaginary and perfect world, an ideally organized state. More’s book was the first such exploration of a utopian world, and it began a new genre of

Fibonacci: Life: When Fibonacci’s Liber abaci first appeared, Hindu-Arabic numerals were known to only a few European intellectuals through translations of the writings of the 9th-century Arab mathematician al-Khwārizmī. The first seven chapters dealt with the notation, explaining the principle of place value, by which the position of a…

Fibonacci: Life: When Fibonacci’s Liber abaci first appeared, Hindu-Arabic numerals were known to only a few European intellectuals through translations of the writings of the 9th-century Arab mathematician al-Khwārizmī. The first seven chapters dealt with the notation, explaining the principle of place value, by which the position of a…

Fabius Planciades Fulgentius: …that never existed; and a Liber absque litteris de aetatibus mundi et hominis, a bizarre work in which human history is divided into 23 periods. His youthful poems and a work entitled Physiologus are lost.

Liber and Libera, in Roman religion, a pair of fertility and cultivation deities of uncertain origin. Liber, though an old and native Italian deity, came to be identified with Dionysus. The triad Ceres, Liber, and Libera (his female counterpart) represented in Rome, from early times and always

Titus Pomponius Atticus: Atticus himself wrote Liber annalis (“Yearly Accounts”), published in 47 bc, which presented a list of important dates in world history, concentrating on events and magistrates from the origins of Rome to his own time. Atticus had other historical interests, writing works on the Roman calendar and on…

St. Anselm of Canterbury: Early life and career: Anselm wrote in reply his Liber apologeticus contra Gaunilonem (“Book [of] Defense Against Gaunilo”), which was a repetition of the ontological argument of the Proslogion. The ontological argument was accepted in different forms by René Descartes and Benedict de Spinoza, though it was rejected by Immanuel Kant.

Frederick II: Years as a Crusader: In August 1231, at Melfi, the emperor issued his new constitutions for the Kingdom of Sicily. Not since the reign of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in the 6th century had the administrative law of a European state been codified. Frederick’s codes contained many ideas that anticipated enlightened absolutism…

Ekkehard IV: …important literary works is the Liber benedictionum (“Book of Benedictions”), a collection of inscriptions, blessings, and poems (some of them his own and others attributed to Notker Labeo). Ekkehard was also known to have been a skillful church musician.

canon law: Development of canon law in the West: …important is that of the Liber canonum (“Book of Canons”) of the 6th-century Roman theologian Dionysius Exiguus, about 500. The first two versions contain 50 Canones Apostolorum, Greek canons, and the African canons of the 17th Council of Carthage. Dionysius Exiguus also composed a Liber decretorum (“Book of Decretals”) from…

history of Europe: Ecclesiastical organization: Honorius III; 1216–27), produced the Liber Censuum (“The Book of the Census”) in 1192, the first comprehensive account of the sources of papal funding. In this respect, as in the formal communications of the papal chancery, the pope created an influential model, imitated by all other European principalities and kingdoms.…

Joachim Of Fiore: This probably refers to the Liber concordie Novi ac Veteris Testamenti (“Book of Harmony of the New and Old Testaments”), in which Joachim worked out his philosophy of history, primarily in a pattern of “twos”—the concords between the two great dispensations (or Testaments) of history, the Old and the New.…

Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz: …return to Avignon, where his Liber constitutionum Sanctae Matris Ecclesiae (“Book of the Constitution of Holy Mother Church”), also known as the Constitutiones aegidianae, was published. This legal code, or constitution, remained in force in the Papal States until the early 19th century.

André Le Chapelain: …known for his three-volume treatise Liber de arte honeste amandi et reprobatione inhonesti amoris (c. 1185; “Book of the Art of Loving Nobly and the Reprobation of Dishonourable Love”). He is thought to have been a chaplain at the court of Marie, Countess of Champagne, daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine.…

Western philosophy: Arabic thought: The anonymous Liber de causis (“Book of Causes”) was also translated into Latin from Arabic. This work, excerpted from Proclus’s Stiocheiōsis theologikē (Elements of Theology), was often ascribed to Aristotle, and it gave a Neoplatonic cast to his philosophy until its true origin was discovered by St.…

Walafrid Strabo: …wrote his most important poem, Liber de cultura hortorum (“Book on the Art of Gardening”), a lyrical piece describing 23 flowers and herbs, their mythological and Christian significances, and their healing properties. His other works include an important panegyric poem, De imagine Tetrici (“On the Statue of Theodoric”), and a…

Crusades: The later Crusades: …Llull, for example, in his Liber de fine (“Book of the End”), suggested a campaign of informed preaching as well as military force. At the beginning of the 14th century, Pierre Dubois submitted a detailed scheme for a Crusade to be directed by Philip IV of France, and in 1321…

Caffaro Di Caschifellone: …in addition to the annals: Liber de liberatione civitatum orientis (“Book About the Liberation of the Cities of the East”), describing Genoese participation in the First Crusade, written from memory more than half a century later; and Historia captionis Almariae et Tortuose (“History of the Capture of Almería and Tortosa”),…

Girolamo Cardano: …Liber de ludo aleae (The Book on Games of Chance) presents the first systematic computations of probabilities, a century before Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat. Cardano’s popular fame was based largely on books dealing with scientific and philosophical questions, especially De subtilitate rerum (“The Subtlety of Things”), a…

Alger Of Liège: …important of those remaining are Liber de misericordia et justitia (“On Mercy and Justice”), a collection of biblical and patristic extracts with a commentary—an important work for the history of church law and discipline; De sacramentis corporis et sanguinis Dominici (“Concerning the Sacraments of the Body and the Blood of…

canon law: The Corpus Juris Canonici (c. 1140–c. 1500): …not in Gratian’s Decretum), or Liber decretalium Gregorii IX (“Book of Decretals of Gregory IX”), composed by St. Raymond of Peñafort, a Spanish canonist, and promulgated on September 5, 1234, as the exclusive codex for all of canon law after Gratian. On March 3, 1298, Pope Boniface VIII promulgated Liber…

canon law: The Corpus Juris Canonici (c. 1140–c. 1500): …not in Gratian’s Decretum), or Liber decretalium Gregorii IX (“Book of Decretals of Gregory IX”), composed by St. Raymond of Peñafort, a Spanish canonist, and promulgated on September 5, 1234, as the exclusive codex for all of canon law after Gratian. On March 3, 1298, Pope Boniface VIII promulgated Liber…

canon law: Development of canon law in the West: Dionysius Exiguus also composed a Liber decretorum (“Book of Decretals”) from Pope Siricius to Pope Anastasius II. Together, the books form the Corpus (“Body”) or Codex canonum (“Code of Canons”).

Abraham bar Hiyya: …which, in its Latin translation, Liber Embadorum (1145), became a principal textbook in western European schools. Other notable works by Abraham include the philosophical treatise Hegyon ha-Nefesh ha-Aẓuva (Meditation of the Sad Soul), which dealt with the nature of good and evil, ethical conduct, and repentance; and Megillat ha-Megalleh (“Scroll…

canon law: The Corpus Juris Canonici (c. 1140–c. 1500): …not in Gratian’s Decretum), or Liber decretalium Gregorii IX (“Book of Decretals of Gregory IX”), composed by St. Raymond of Peñafort, a Spanish canonist, and promulgated on September 5, 1234, as the exclusive codex for all of canon law after Gratian. On March 3, 1298, Pope Boniface VIII promulgated Liber…

Joachim Of Fiore: …is expressed in the unique Liber figurarum (“Book of Figures”; discovered in 1937), a book of drawings and figures thought to be a genuine work by most Joachim scholars today. Here his vision of the culminating age of history is embodied in trees that flower and bear fruit luxuriantly at…

encyclopaedia: Early development: The Liber floridus (c. 1120) of Lambert of Saint-Omer is an unoriginal miscellany, but it has an interest of its own in that it discards practical matters in favour of metaphysical discussion and pays special attention to such subjects as magic and astrology. The greatest achievement…

Geber: …Magistery, 1678), Liber fornacum (Book of Furnaces, 1678), De investigatione perfectionis (The Investigation of Perfection, 1678), and De inventione veritatis (The Invention of Verity, 1678). They are the clearest expression of alchemical theory and the most important set of laboratory directions to appear before the 16th century. Accordingly, they…

St. Peter Damian: Early life and career: In Liber Gomorrhianus (“Book of Gomorrah”), written about 1051, he addressed the other central concern of reformers during this period, the question of celibacy versus clerical marriage (nicolaitism). His rhetorical advocacy of celibacy was so excessive, however, that Pope Leo chose not to give it the…

Dom Joseph Pothier: In 1883 he published the Liber gradualis, which also included research earlier undertaken by Dom Jausions and which, with the Mélodies grégoriennes, marked the beginning of a reform in liturgical chant. In 1889 he was associated with his disciple Dom André Mocquereau (1849–1930) in the foundation of the publication Paléographie…

St. Peter Damian: Early life and career: …particularly evident in Damian’s tract Liber gratissimus (1052; “Most-Favoured Book”), which treated the problem of simony (the purchase of ecclesiastical office) and the validity of the sacraments bestowed by a simoniac cleric. Although he strongly condemned the purchase of office by clergymen, Damian defended the validity of the sacraments they…

Latin literature: The 9th to the 11th century: …to compose sequences, but his Liber hymnorum (“Book of Hymns”), begun about 860, is an integrated collection of texts that spans the whole of the church year in an ordered cycle. Performed between the biblical readings in the mass, each sequence is a free meditation upon scriptural themes, often drawing…

Liber Judiciorum, Visigothic law code that formed the basis of medieval Spanish law. It was promulgated in 654 by King Recceswinth and was revised in 681 and 693. Although called Visigothic, the code was in Latin and owed much to Roman tradition. The primary innovation of the code was the

Liber Judiciorum, Visigothic law code that formed the basis of medieval Spanish law. It was promulgated in 654 by King Recceswinth and was revised in 681 and 693. Although called Visigothic, the code was in Latin and owed much to Roman tradition. The primary innovation of the code was the

Italy: Literature and art: …Carolingian updatings, usually called the Liber Papiensis. This text was the source for 11th-century glosses and expositions and juristic arguments over legal theory that led directly to the 12th-century revival of Roman law at Bologna. The study of law in the Lombard and Carolingian capital may have been early medieval…

Dionysus, in Greco-Roman religion, a nature god of fruitfulness and vegetation, especially known as a god of wine and ecstasy. The occurrence of his name on a Linear B tablet (13th century bce) shows that he was already worshipped in the Mycenaean period, although it is not known where his cult

Vacarius: Known as Liber pauperum, this work became one of the chief legal texts at Oxford, where, at an uncertain date, Vacarius began to teach. Oxford students of law soon were called pauperistae, in reference to his book.

Gaunilo: Gaunilo’s Liber pro insipiente (“In Defense of the Fool”) was a critique of the rationality of Anselm’s assertion that the concept of “that than which nothing greater can be thought” (i.e., God) implies God’s existence. Gaunilo argued by analogy, pointing out that one’s concept of a…

Fibonacci: Contributions to number theory: He dedicated his Liber quadratorum (1225; “Book of Square Numbers”) to Frederick. Devoted entirely to Diophantine equations of the second degree (i.e., containing squares), the Liber quadratorum is considered Fibonacci’s masterpiece. It is a systematically arranged collection of theorems, many invented by the author, who used his own…

Tyconius: 382; The Book of Rules), his sole surviving work, is a handbook for interpreting Scripture, and In Apocalypsin (c. 385?) is a commentary on Revelation that applies the rules set out in the earlier handbook.

Theodore Bar Konai: …only extant work is the Liber scholiorum (“Book of Annotations”), the Latin designation of a vast Syriac collection of observations and elucidations taking their point of departure from biblical passages but developed into detailed considerations of philosophy, psychology, logic, and Eastern religions. Containing 11 mēmrē, or general sections of commentary,…

Martial: Life and career: Martial’s first book, On the Spectacles (ad 80), contained 33 undistinguished epigrams celebrating the shows held in the Colosseum, an amphitheatre in the city begun by Vespasian and completed by Titus in 79; these poems are scarcely improved by their gross adulation of the latter emperor. In the…

J.M.W. Turner: Early life and works: …100 plates known as the Liber Studiorum, inspired, in part, by Claude’s own studio record, Liber veritatis (begun in 1635 and continued until his death in 1682). Turner’s aim was to document the great variety and range of landscape; some of the subjects were taken from his own existing paintings…

Levi ben Gershom: …Islāmic philosopher Averroës, Levi wrote Sefer ha-hekkesh ha-yashar (1319; Latin Liber syllogismi recti; “Book of Proper Analogy”), criticizing several arguments of Aristotle; he also wrote commentaries on the works of both philosophers.

psalm tone: Examples are in the Liber usualis, the liturgical book containing frequently used Gregorian chants. See also Ambrosian chant; Gregorian chant; psalmody.

Claude Lorrain: Life and works: In 1635–36 he began the Liber Veritatis (“Book of Truth”; in the British Museum, London), a remarkable volume containing 195 drawings carefully copied by Claude after his own paintings, with particulars noted on the backs of the drawings indicating the patron for whom, or the place for which, the picture…

Liberace was an American pianist. Born to Polish and Italian immigrants, he appeared as a soloist with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at age 16. He began giving concerts in flamboyant costumes with ornate pianos and candelabra, and though he occasionally performed with symphony orchestras, he built

Liberace was an American pianist. Born to Polish and Italian immigrants, he appeared as a soloist with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at age 16. He began giving concerts in flamboyant costumes with ornate pianos and candelabra, and though he occasionally performed with symphony orchestras, he built

Liberal, city, seat (1892) of Seward county, southwestern Kansas, U.S. It lies near the Oklahoma border just north of the Oklahoma Panhandle. Founded in 1888, it was so-named because a local landowner, L.E. Keefes, was “liberal” in allowing the use of his well in time of drought. The community

Nicaragua: Nicaragua from 1990 to 2006: …and the newly formed right-wing Liberal Alliance (Alianza Liberal; AL), a coalition of three liberal parties, were the main contenders in the 1996 national elections. Daniel Ortega was the FSLN’s presidential candidate, and his party campaigned for expanded social services and civil liberties, national unity, and, in contrast to its…

Guy Verhofstadt: …of the PVV to the Liberal and Democratic Flemish Party (VLD) in hopes of attracting more centrist voters. In 1997 he was reelected as president of the VLD. In elections in 1999 the VLD defeated Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene’s centre-left coalition, and Verhofstadt became the first liberal prime minister of…

liberal arts, college or university curriculum aimed at imparting general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. In the medieval European university the seven liberal arts were grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the

caucus: … and Frank Schnadhorst organized the Liberal Association of Birmingham on strict disciplinary lines, with a view toward managing elections and controlling voters. This type of organization became the model for other Liberal Party associations throughout the country; and, because it was a supposed imitation of the U.S. political machine, Benjamin…

Elias Hicks: …but orthodox Quakers labeled them Hicksites. The Hicksites remained isolated from other Quakers until the 20th century, when mutual cooperation began to prevail.

theosophy: Assessment: …Universal and Triumphant, and the Liberal Catholic Church.

Egypt: The interwar period: …the first of which, the Liberal Constitutionalist Party, broke off as early as 1922. The primary aim of the British government, represented by its high commissioner (after 1936, its ambassador), was to secure imperial interests, especially the control of communications through the Suez Canal. The need for a treaty to…

liberal democracy, a form of democracy in which the power of government is limited, and the freedom and rights of individuals are protected, by constitutionally established norms and institutions. Like the broader concept of democracy, liberal democracy is what the Scottish philosopher and

Raila Odinga: Political maneuvers: …left KANU and formed the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).

Rolandas Paksas: Paksas founded the centre-right Liberal Democratic Party (Liberalų Demokratų Partija; LDP) in March 2002. Under its banner, he won the presidency of Lithuania in the second round of elections on Jan. 5, 2003, with 54.7 percent of the vote. His success came as a surprise to many. All the…

Liberal-Democratic Party of Japan (LDP), Japan’s largest political party, which has held power almost continuously since its formation in 1955. The party has generally worked closely with business interests and followed a pro-U.S. foreign policy. During nearly four decades of uninterrupted power

Moldova: Independent Moldova: …and Vlad Filat of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova (PLDM) was named prime minister. Despite their victory, however, the four parties fell short of the three-fifths majority required to choose a president.

neofascism: …Marine Le Pen, and the Liberal-Democratic Party in Russia, led from 1991 by Vladimir Zhirinovsky, are often cited as neofascist.

Liberal Democrats, British political party founded in 1988 through a merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party (SDP). In the middle ground between the dominant Labour Party and Conservative Party, the Liberal Democrats occupy a centre-left libertarian position. The Liberals became

education: Traditional movements: …essentialism was what was called humanistic, or liberal, education in its traditional form. Although many intellectuals argued the case, Robert M. Hutchins, president and then chancellor of the University of Chicago from 1929 to 1951, and Mortimer J. Adler, professor of the philosophy of law at the same institution, were…

feminism: Dissension and debate: The first was liberal, or mainstream, feminism, which focused its energy on concrete and pragmatic change at an institutional and governmental level. Its goal was to integrate women more thoroughly into the power structure and to give women equal access to positions men had traditionally dominated. While aiming…

Liberal Front Party (PFL), centre-right Brazilian political party that supports free-market policies. Founded in 1984, the Liberal Front Party (PFL) was established ostensibly to oppose the presidential candidacy of Paulo Maluf in Brazil’s 1985 elections—the first civilian democratic elections