Algirdas was the grand duke of Lithuania from 1345 to 1377, who made Lithuania one of the largest European states of his day. His son Jogaila became Władysław II Jagiełło, king of united Poland and Lithuania. Algirdas was one of the sons of the country’s ruler, Gediminas, and he began his long

Jainism: Festivals: …is the Shvetambara fasting ceremony, oli, which is celebrated for nine days twice a year (in March–April and September–October) and which corresponds to the mythical celestial worship of the images of the Tirthankaras. The most significant time of the Jain ritual year, however, is the four-month period, generally running from…

Nepal: Federal republic: In mid-October parliament elected Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli as prime minister, succeeding Koirala, and at the end of the month the legislators chose a woman, Bidhya Devi Bhandari, as the country’s new president. Oli resigned in July 2016, after his government coalition collapsed and before he was to face…

Páros: …is the once-attached island of Andíparos (Antiparos), the ancient Oliarus, whose limestone cavern is a tourist attraction. Pop. (2001) town, 4,463; municipality, 12,514; (2011) town, 4,326; municipality 13,715.

frankincense, aromatic gum resin containing a volatile oil that is used in incense and perfumes. Frankincense was valued in ancient times in worship and as a medicine and is still an important incense resin, particularly in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. The resin is also used in

conquistador: …by Pedro de Alvarado and Cristóbal de Olid, respectively, were sent to Mayan Guatemala and the Gulf of Honduras.

Jean-Jacques Olier was the founder of the Sulpicians, a group of secular priests dedicated to training candidates for the priesthood. Ordained a priest in 1633, Olier soon came under the influence of St. Vincent de Paul, founder of a congregation of missionaries known as Lazarists. In 1641 Olier

oligarchy, government by the few, especially despotic power exercised by a small and privileged group for corrupt or selfish purposes. Oligarchies in which members of the ruling group are wealthy or exercise their power through their wealth are known as plutocracies. Aristotle used the term

iron law of oligarchy, sociological thesis according to which all organizations, including those committed to democratic ideals and practices, will inevitably succumb to rule by an elite few (an oligarchy). The iron law of oligarchy contends that organizational democracy is an oxymoron. Although

arthritis: Spondyloarthropathies: Patients typically develop acute oligoarthritis (two to four joints affected) of the lower extremities within weeks of gastrointestinal infection or of acquiring a sexually transmitted disease. Reiter arthritis is not considered an infectious arthritis, because the joint space is actually free of bacteria. Instead, an infection outside the joint…

Oligocene Epoch, third and last major worldwide division of the Paleogene Period (65.5 million to 23 million years ago), spanning the interval between 33.9 million to 23 million years ago. The Oligocene Epoch is subdivided into two ages and their corresponding rock stages: the Rupelian and the

oligochaete, any worm of the subclass Oligochaeta (class Clitellata, phylum Annelida). About 3,500 living species are known, the most familiar of which is the earthworm (q.v.), Lumbricus terrestris. Oligochaetes are common all over the world. They live in the sea, in fresh water, and in moist soil.

oligochaete, any worm of the subclass Oligochaeta (class Clitellata, phylum Annelida). About 3,500 living species are known, the most familiar of which is the earthworm (q.v.), Lumbricus terrestris. Oligochaetes are common all over the world. They live in the sea, in fresh water, and in moist soil.

oligoclase, the most common variety of the feldspar mineral plagioclase

oligodendrocyte, a type of neuroglia found in the central nervous system of invertebrates and vertebrates that functions to produce myelin, an insulating sheath on the axons of nerve fibres. Oligodendrocytes are subdivided into interfascicular and perineuronal types and have few cytoplasmic fibrils

glioma: …optic nerve in the brain; oligodendroglial tumours, which originate with oligodendrocytes, a type of neuroglia that produces myelin (the insulating sheath on the axons of nerves); and ependymomas, which originate with ependymal cells, a type of neuroglia that lines the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord. Glioblastoma

kukri snake, (genus Oligodon), any of 50 to 60 species of snakes of the family Colubridae. The snakes are named for their enlarged hind teeth, which are broad and curved like the Gurkha sword of the same name. They occur in East and South Asia. All kukri snakes are egg layers, and most are less

plant breeding: Qualitative characters: The easiest characters, or traits, to deal with are those involving discontinuous, or qualitative, differences that are governed by one or a few major genes. Many such inherited differences exist, and they frequently have profound effects on plant value and utilization. Examples are…

pregnancy: Oligohydramnios: True oligohydramnios, a deficiency in amniotic fluid, is a rare condition of unknown cause. It is seen more often in pregnancies that have extended beyond the projected time of delivery. If it occurs early in pregnancy, there are usually firm adhesions between the membranes…

oligomenorrhea, prolonged intervals between menstrual cycles. Menstruation is the normal cyclic bleeding from the female reproductive tract. Most women of reproductive age menstruate every 25 to 30 days if they are not pregnant, nursing a child, or experiencing other disorders such as tumours,

oligomenorrhea, prolonged intervals between menstrual cycles. Menstruation is the normal cyclic bleeding from the female reproductive tract. Most women of reproductive age menstruate every 25 to 30 days if they are not pregnant, nursing a child, or experiencing other disorders such as tumours,

major industrial polymers: Epoxies (epoxy resins): …prepolymers as these are called oligomers. Depending on their average chain length, the prepolymers vary from dense liquids to solids.

sedimentary rock: Clast-supported conglomerates: …contain lenses and bands of oligomictic orthoconglomerate, composed mainly (95 percent or more) of stable, resistant, coarse clasts of vein quartz, quartzite, quartz sandstone, and chert. Such deposits are typically generated in the upper reaches of winter storm beaches where strong surf can sift, winnow, and abrade coarse pebbles and…

recombinant DNA: In vitro mutagenesis: …of in vitro mutagenesis is oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. A specific point in a sequenced gene is pinpointed for mutation. An oligonucleotide, a short stretch of synthetic DNA of the desired sequence, is made chemically. For example, the oligonucleotide might have adenine in one specific location instead of guanine. This oligonucleotide is…

proteolytic enzyme: The term oligopeptidase is reserved for those enzymes that act specifically on peptides.

oligopoly, market situation in which each of a few producers affects but does not control the market. Each producer must consider the effect of a price change on the actions of the other producers. A cut in price by one may lead to an equal reduction by the others, with the result that each firm

rice rat: …small rice rats (Microryzomys), and pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys), among others. All belong to the subfamily Sigmodontinae of the “true” mouse and rat family Muridae within the order Rodentia.

hantavirus: …the Choclo virus (carried by Oligoryzomys fulvescens, another pygmy rice rat).

hantavirus: …the Andes virus (carried by Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, a species of pygmy rice rat); and Central America, caused by the Choclo virus (carried by Oligoryzomys fulvescens, another pygmy rice rat).

oligosaccharide, any carbohydrate of from three to six units of simple sugars (monosaccharides). A large number of oligosaccharides have been prepared by partially breaking down more complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides). Most of the few naturally occurring oligosaccharides are found in plants.

infertility: Abnormalities of sperm production: …is generally referred to as oligospermia. In some cases, male infertility is caused by complete absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate, a condition known as azoospermia. This condition can be caused by an obstruction of the genital tract, by testicular dysfunction associated with congenital disorders such as sickle cell disease,…

oligotrich, any spherical to pear-shaped protozoan of the ciliate order Oligotrichida, found in fresh, salt, and brackish water. Body cilia (minute, hairlike projections), when present, are often fused into groups of bristles, or cirri. The oligotrichs have conspicuous adoral (on margin of groove

oligotrich, any spherical to pear-shaped protozoan of the ciliate order Oligotrichida, found in fresh, salt, and brackish water. Body cilia (minute, hairlike projections), when present, are often fused into groups of bristles, or cirri. The oligotrichs have conspicuous adoral (on margin of groove

bacteria: Autotrophic metabolism: …oxidized to carbon dioxide by Oligotropha carboxidovorans, and hydrogen gas (H2) is oxidized by Alcaligenes eutrophus and, to a lesser degree, by many other bacteria.

inland water ecosystem: Biological productivity: Oligotrophic lakes are those that are unproductive: net primary production is only between 50 and 100 milligrams of carbon per square metre per day, nutrients are in poor supply, and secondary production is depressed. Eutrophic lakes, on the other hand, are productive: net primary production…

renal system disease: Acute renal failure: …low output of urine (oliguria) and the third by an increasing urine output (polyuria). The onset phase is dominated by general illness, in which the episode of acute renal failure arises; at this stage there may be evidence of threatened renal damage such as blood in the urine or…

Mount Olympus, mountain peak, the highest (9,570 feet [2,917 metres]) in Greece. It is part of the Olympus massif near the Gulf of Thérmai (Modern Greek: Thermaïkós) of the Aegean Sea and lies astride the border between Macedonia (Makedonía) and Thessaly (Thessalía). It is also designated as Upper

Olympic Airlines, Greek airline, formerly known as Olympic Airways, founded on April 6, 1957, by the Greek shipowner Aristotle Onassis (1906?–75) but, from 1975, wholly owned by the Greek government. Services from Greece into western Europe began in 1957, and by 1980 services extended throughout

Vincenzo Scamozzi: He completed Palladio’s Teatro Olimpico in 1585, adding to it the model streets behind the doorways of the frons scaenae; these streets were constructed of timber and plaster on a raking stage and arranged so that each member of the audience could see into at least one of…

Vincenzo Scamozzi: He completed Palladio’s Teatro Olimpico in 1585, adding to it the model streets behind the doorways of the frons scaenae; these streets were constructed of timber and plaster on a raking stage and arranged so that each member of the audience could see into at least one of…

Olinda, city, eastern Pernambuco estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is located atop a low hill on the Atlantic coast, immediately north of Recife, the state capital. Olinda was founded by the Portuguese Duarte Coelho Pereira as the colonial capital of Pernambuco captaincy in 1537. By 1600 its

olingo, (genus Bassaricyon), any of six species of small arboreal carnivores of the raccoon family, Procyonidae, found in the jungles of Central and northern South America. Olingos are slender, grayish brown animals 35–50 cm (14–20 inches) long, excluding the bushy, faintly ringed tail, which

olingo: The olinguito (Bassaricyon neblina), first described in 2013, can be distinguished from other olingos by its habitat and appearance. Olinguitos are residents of the cloud forests of Colombia and Ecuador and make their homes at altitudes between 1,530 and 2,740 metres (approximately 5,000 and 9,000 feet),…

Myrtales: Family distributions and abundance: Oliniaceae and Rhynchocalycaceae, consists of 9 genera with 29 species and is restricted to Africa. The genus Olinia, found in eastern and southern Africa and on the island of St. Helena, has 5 species. Penae and the 7 other small genera have a total of…

Olynthus, ancient Greek city situated on the Chalcidice Peninsula of northwestern Greece. It lay about 1.5 miles (2.5 km) inland from the Gulf of Torone of the Aegean Sea. A Thracian people called the Bottiaeans inhabited Olynthus until 479 bce, when Persian forces killed them and handed the town

burlesque show: …by baggy-pants comics; second, the olio, an assortment of variety acts—e.g., acrobats, magicians, and instrumental and vocal soloists; third, chorus numbers and occasionally a take-off, or burlesque, on politics or a current play. The usual finale was a performance by an exotic dancer or a wrestling or boxing match. Burlesque…

horn: …often richly carved, were called oliphants. The oxhorns of medieval huntsmen and watchmen sounded but one or two notes of the natural harmonic series—i.e., the notes produced on a horn or trumpet without finger holes or valves, caused by the air column vibrating in fractional segments (as for the fundamental…

Native American: Developments in the late 20th and early 21st centuries: In Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe (1978), the U.S. Supreme Court determined that tribes do not have the authority to prosecute non-Indians, even when such individuals commit crimes on tribal land. This decision was clearly a blow to tribal sovereignty, and some reservations literally closed their…

Carolina Nairne, Baroness Nairne was a Scottish songwriter and laureate of Jacobitism, who wrote “Charlie Is My Darling,” “The Hundred Pipers,” “The Land o’ the Leal,” and “Will Ye No’ Come Back Again?” The daughter of a Jacobite laird, Laurence Oliphant, who was exiled (1745–63), she followed

Laurence Oliphant was a British author, traveller, and mystic, a controversial figure whose quest to establish a Jewish state in Palestine—“fulfilling prophecy and bringing on the end of the world”—won wide support among both Jewish and Christian officials but was thought by some to be motivated

Margaret Oliphant Oliphant was a prolific Scottish novelist, historical writer, and biographer best known for her portraits of small-town life. In 1852 she married her cousin, Francis Wilson Oliphant, an artist in stained glass, and settled in London. Widowed in 1859, she began a wearisome struggle

Papua New Guinea: National politics in the 1990s: He initiated both the Organic Law on the Integrity of Political Parties and Candidates (OLIPPAC; passed in 2001)—which sought to bring stability to the notably fluid party affiliations of Papua New Guinea’s politicians—and, in 2002, a preferential voting system designed to improve parliamentary governance. Morauta cut back government services…

Lisbon, city, port, capital of Portugal, and the centre of the Lisbon metropolitan area. Located in western Portugal on the estuary of the Tagus (Tejo) River, it is the westernmost capital city in continental Europe and serves as the country’s chief port, largest city, and commercial, political,

Lisbon, city, port, capital of Portugal, and the centre of the Lisbon metropolitan area. Located in western Portugal on the estuary of the Tagus (Tejo) River, it is the westernmost capital city in continental Europe and serves as the country’s chief port, largest city, and commercial, political,

Alytus, city, southern Lithuania. It lies along the Neman (Lithuanian: Nemunas) River, 37 miles (60 km) south of Kaunas. The city dates from the 14th century. In the 20th century it developed as an industrial centre, with factories producing refrigerators, chemical products, linen, and clothing.

Jules Olitski was a Russian-born American painter generally identified with the Abstract Expressionist school known as colour field. He was one of the first to use thinned paints in a staining technique to create colour compositions of a delicate, ethereal quality. Olitski was born shortly after

olive shell: Fossils of the genus Oliva are common from the Eocene Epoch (57.8 to 36.6 million years ago) to the present. The shell, which is distinctive and easily recognizable, has a pointed apex and rapidly expands outward to the main body whorl. It is oval in shape, with a long…

olive shell: …southeastern American waters is the lettered olive (Oliva sayana), about 6 cm (2.5 inches) long. Abundant in the Indo-Pacific region is the 8-centimetre (3-inch) orange-mouthed olive (O. sericea).

olive shell: …region is the 8-centimetre (3-inch) orange-mouthed olive (O. sericea).

Rodrigo Calderón, count de Oliva was a Spanish royal favourite who enjoyed considerable authority during the ascendancy of Francisco Gómez, duque de Lerma in the reign of Philip III. Calderón was the son of an army officer. On the accession of Philip III in 1598, he attached himself to the king’s

Minnesota Twins: …Series in 1965, with outfielder Tony Oliva and pitcher Jim Kaat joining Killebrew as the team’s stars. Minnesota signed future seven-time AL batting champion Rod Carew in 1967. Carew won the AL Rookie of the Year award in his first season with Minnesota, and he, Oliva, and Killebrew led the…

Austria: Austria as a great power: …some military successes, but the Treaty of Oliva (1660) brought no territorial gains for Austria, though it stopped the advance of the Swedes in Germany.

Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimental, count-duke de Olivares was the prime minister (1623–43) and court favourite (valido) of King Philip IV of Spain. He attempted to impose a strong centralizing policy and eventually provoked rebellion and his own fall. Olivares’s father, Enrique de Guzmán, was the Spanish

Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimental, count-duke de Olivares was the prime minister (1623–43) and court favourite (valido) of King Philip IV of Spain. He attempted to impose a strong centralizing policy and eventually provoked rebellion and his own fall. Olivares’s father, Enrique de Guzmán, was the Spanish

Ruben Olivares is a Mexican professional boxer, world bantamweight (118 pounds) and featherweight (126 pounds) champion during the 1970s. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Olivares began his professional boxing career in 1964 and won his first 22 bouts by knockout, using the

human ear: Ascending pathways: …the cells of the superior olivary complex, whereas others make connection with the olivary cells of the same side. Together, these fibres form the trapezoid body. Fibres from the dorsal cochlear nucleus cross the midline to end on the cells of the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. There they are…

human ear: Ascending pathways: …the cells of the superior olivary complex, whereas others make connection with the olivary cells of the same side. Together, these fibres form the trapezoid body. Fibres from the dorsal cochlear nucleus cross the midline to end on the cells of the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. There they are…

olive, (Olea europaea), subtropical broad-leaved evergreen tree (family Oleaceae) and its edible fruit. The olive fruit and its oil are key elements in the cuisine of the Mediterranean and are popular outside the region. The tree’s beauty has been extolled for thousands of years. The edible olive

olive: Physical description: The olive fruit is classed botanically as a drupe, similar to the peach or plum. Within the stone are one or two seeds. Olives tend to have maximum oil content (about 20–30 percent of fresh weight) and greatest weight six to eight months after the blossoms…

baboon: The anubis, or olive baboon (P. anubis), is only slightly smaller than the chacma and olive in colour; the male has a large mane of hair over the head and shoulders. The anubis baboon has a wide range, from the hinterland of Kenya and Ethiopia through the grasslands…

colobus: …red colobus (genus Piliocolobus), and olive colobus (genus Procolobus).

Oleaceae, the olive family, belonging to the order Lamiales and named for the economically important olive tree (species Olea europaea). A number of plants in the family are of economic or aesthetic importance: the olive tree is the source of olives and olive oil; the ashes (genus Fraxinus) are

fruit fly: …of subtropical fruits; and the olive fruit fly (Dacus oleae), which destroys olives in the Mediterranean region. Control methods vary with the species involved and include spraying of fruits with insecticides during the egg-laying season, destruction of infested fruit, and control by parasites.

glassware: Post-Revolutionary glassworks: …importance, later known as the Olive Glass Works, Gloucester County, New Jersey, was completed in 1781 by former employees of the Wistar Glass Works, the Stanger brothers. In addition to the many fine South Jersey pieces attributed to this house, it is of interest because of its long history, eventually…

Frances McDormand: …in the 2014 TV miniseries Olive Kitteridge. McDormand later voiced the character Momma in the animated feature The Good Dinosaur (2015) and Interpreter Nelson in Wes Anderson’s stop-motion animated film Isle of Dogs (2018). She also appeared in the Coen brothers’ Hail, Caesar! (2016).

Elizabeth Strout: In Olive Kitteridge (2008) the author introduced one of literature’s more memorable characters: the eponymous cantankerous yet compassionate teacher living in the small town of Crosby, Maine. The work, which contains 13 connected stories, won a Pulitzer Prize and later was made into an HBO miniseries…

olive oil, oil extracted from the fleshy part of the ripened fruit of the olive tree, Olea europaea. Olive oil varies in color from clear yellow to golden; some varieties obtained from unripe fruit have a greenish tinge. Oils of varying characteristics and qualities are produced by almost every

Olive Oyl, American comic-strip and cartoon character, the longtime love interest of the sailor Popeye. Tall, gangly, big-footed Olive Oyl, whose black hair was almost always tied back in a bun, first co-starred with her brother, Castor Oyl, in 1919 in the newspaper comic strip Thimble Theatre. For

sea turtle: Physical features and feeding habits: Adult and juvenile olive ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacea) are also largely pelagic, but they are known to frequent coastal regions such as bays and estuaries. The olive ridley and its relative, the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle (L. kempii), are small with wide rounded shells. As adults, both species have…

olive shell, any of the marine snails that constitute the family Olividae (subclass Prosobranchia of the class Gastropoda). Fossils of the genus Oliva are common from the Eocene Epoch (57.8 to 36.6 million years ago) to the present. The shell, which is distinctive and easily recognizable, has a

Elizabeth Strout: In Olive, Again (2019), Strout continued the story of Olive Kitteridge while introducing several new characters. Strout returned to the Amgash series with Oh William! (2021), which is set several decades after My Name Is Lucy Barton. While grieving the death of her second husband, Lucy…

Portuguese literature: Studies in history and literature: The works of Joaquim Pedro de Oliveira Martins demonstrated psychological imagination, a notable capacity for general ideas, and a gift of picturesque narration. He left in his numerous writings a vast portrait gallery of the great figures of his country, particularly in the Portugal contemporaneo (1881; “Contemporary Portugal”).

Portuguese literature: From monarchy to republic: …of António Alves Redol and Carlos de Oliveira. The latter’s Casa na duna (1943; “House on the Sand Dune”), his first novel, mixes acute perception of human motivation with social awareness, a combination that would appear throughout his career, including in his final novel, Finisterra (1978; “Land’s End”). Vergílio Ferreira,…

Manoel de Oliveira was a Portuguese filmmaker, known for richly meditative and often self-reflexive films that were frequently inspired by literary and theatrical works. Although his career began in the silent film era, he did not attain international recognition until the late 20th century, and

Manoel de Oliveira was a Portuguese filmmaker, known for richly meditative and often self-reflexive films that were frequently inspired by literary and theatrical works. Although his career began in the silent film era, he did not attain international recognition until the late 20th century, and

Mário António was a scholar, short-story writer, and poet whose works focus alternately on Angolan and Portuguese cultures. A poet of personal love and social protest in his early years, António in his later poems frequently presents verbal portraits of moods, places, and experiences. António

Brazilian literature: The short story: …the novelist and short-story writer Nelson de Oliveira, who used it in the title in two anthologies (2001 and 2003) in which he, as editor, collected these writers’ works.

As You Like It: …denied by his older brother Oliver the education and upbringing that should have been Orlando’s right as a gentleman. To escape Oliver’s murderous hatred, Orlando flees to the Forest of Arden with his faithful old servant Adam. Soon Rosalind is banished too, merely for being the daughter of the out-of-favour…

Oliver Stone: …Peter Kuznick, he also created Oliver Stone’s Untold History of the United States (2012), a 10-part television documentary (and accompanying book) that took an unorthodox look at the preceding century of American political history. The four-part TV series The Putin Interviews (2017) featured conversations between Stone and the Russian president.…

Oliver Twist, British dramatic film, released in 1948, that was an adaptation of Charles Dickens’s classic tale of the same name. It features a memorable performance by Alec Guinness in one of his first film roles. The story follows the adventures of Oliver Twist (played by John Howard Davies), an

Oliver Twist, novel by Charles Dickens, published serially under the pseudonym “Boz” from 1837 to 1839 in Bentley’s Miscellany and in a three-volume book in 1838. The novel was the first of the author’s works to realistically depict the impoverished London underworld and to illustrate his belief

Roman Polanski: It was followed by Oliver Twist (2005), an adaptation of Charles Dickens’s classic novel, and The Ghost Writer (2010), a thriller involving a former politician and the author who is writing his memoir. For the latter movie Polanski won his third French César award for best director. He then…

Oliver Twist, novel by Charles Dickens, published serially under the pseudonym “Boz” from 1837 to 1839 in Bentley’s Miscellany and in a three-volume book in 1838. The novel was the first of the author’s works to realistically depict the impoverished London underworld and to illustrate his belief

Fagin: …the stage and film musical Oliver! (1968), and George C. Scott portrayed the character in a televised version of the novel released in 1982. In 2005 Ben Kingsley played Fagin in director Roman Polanski’s adaptation of the novel.

white-toothed shrew: Among the largest is Olivier’s shrew (C. olivieri) of sub-Saharan Africa, which weighs 37 to 78 grams (1.3 to 2.8 ounces) and has a body 11 to 15 cm (4.3 to 5.9 inches) long and a tail of 8 to 10 cm. One of the smallest is the Sulawesi…

Isaac Oliver was a miniature painter. Oliver’s French Huguenot parents took him to England about 1568, where he studied painting and married the daughter of a then well-known portrait painter, Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder. Oliver soon won renown and royal patronage for his miniatures, including

Jamie Oliver is a British chef who achieved worldwide fame with his television shows The Naked Chef (1999) and Jamie Oliver’s Food Revolution (2010–11) and as author of a number of cookbooks with a variety of culinary themes. Oliver’s parents were owners of a pub-restaurant in Clavering, Essex.

The Daily Show: …Hasan Minhaj, Dulcé Sloan, and John Oliver as well as Stephen Colbert, who hosted a Daily Show spinoff, The Colbert Report (2005–14), before becoming host of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert in 2015.

climate classification: Genetic classifications: …years later (1968 and 1970) John E. Oliver placed this type of classification on a firmer footing by providing a quantitative framework that designated particular air masses and air mass combinations as “dominant,” “subdominant,” or “seasonal” at particular locations. He also provided a means of identifying air masses from diagrams…

King Oliver was an American cornetist who was a vital link between the semi-mythical prehistory of jazz and the firmly documented history of jazz proper. He is also remembered for choosing as his protégé the man generally considered to have been the greatest of all New Orleans musicians, Louis